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FIGURES 97–101 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 97–101. Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) scabricauda (Humbert et Saussure, 1870); Ad. male Rc 6730 97 LBS 21 and prefemora + femora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio & Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 98 posterior margin of ultimate tergite + prefemora of ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (P.) diringshofeni Bücherl, 1969; Ad. male Rc 7981 99 LBS 21 + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Otostigmus (P.) salticus Schileyko, Iorio & Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype male MNHN 460 100 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2 ventrally; Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845); Juv. Rc 7174 101 left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs laterally; (as)—accessory spine, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular tooth-plate, (cp)— practically reduced spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (dg)—digitiform process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pst)—penultimate sternite, (pts)—ultimate pretarsus, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
FIGURES 48–54. Scolopendra mirabilis Porat, 1876 48 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 48–54. Scolopendra mirabilis Porat, 1876 48 Locomotory legs of mid-body LBS laterally; Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829; Ad. Rc 8007) 49 ultimate LBS + prefemora of ultimate legs ventrally; Scolopendra canidens Newport, 1844; Ad. Rc 6222 50 forcipular segment ventrally; Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815; Ad. Rc 8010 51 left pleura of LBS 14–15 laterally; Ad. Rc 8010 52 head + LBS 1 dorsally; Sad. CDT 53 forcipular segment ventrally; Ad. Rc 8010 54 LBS 21 + ultimate legs dorso-laterally; (20)—leg 20, (ap)—apical spines of coxopleural process, (csp)—corner spine of ultimate prefemur, (cst)— forcipular coxosternite, (cx)—coxopleuron, (im)—intersclerite membrane, (o)—ocelli, (p)—single pleurites, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (pts)—pretarsus, (s)—spiracle covered by flap, (su)—ventral spines of ultimate prefemur, (T1)—tergite 1, (T15)—tergite 15, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2)—tarsus 2, (tas)—tarsal spur, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ust)—ultimate sternite.
FIGURES 40–47. Tonkinodentus lestes Schileyko, 1992 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 40–47. Tonkinodentus lestes Schileyko, 1992; Holotype adt Rc 6358 40 forcipular segment ventrally; Sad. Rc 6555 41 ultimate LBS, legs 20 + ultimate legs dorso-laterally; Scolopendropsis duplicata Chagas-Jr, Edgecombe & Minelli, 2008; Paratype IBSP 2392 or MNRJ 15306 (photo by Dr. Amazonas Chagas-Jr) 42 head, forcipular segment + LBS 1–3 ventrally; Holotype MNRJ 15258 43 ultimate LBS ventrally; Paratype IBSP 2392 or MNRJ 15306 (photo by Dr. Amazonas Chagas-Jr) 44 posterior half of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs ventrally; Scolopendropsis bahiensis Brandt, 1841; Live specimen (photo by Dr. Adriano Kury) 45 general view dorsally; Scolopendropsis duplicata Chagas-Jr, Edgecombe & Minelli, 2008 (photos by Dr. Amazonas Chagas-Jr); Paratype IBSP 2392 or MNRJ 15306 46 head + LBS 1 dorsally 47 ultimate LBS + ultimate legs dorsally; (20)—leg 20, (cx)—coxopleuron, (cst)—forcipular coxosternite, (dv)—distoventrolateral process of femur, (lsc)—sternal median longitudinal sulcus, (sl)—cephalic median longitudinal suture, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (sc)—spine at place of coxopleural process, (su)—spines of ultimate prefemur, (T1)—tergite 1, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2)— tarsus 2, (ti)—tibia, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
FIGURES 89–96 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 89–96. Digitipes coonoorensis Jangi & Dass, 1984; Male CES 091088 89 femur of right ultimate leg medially; Digitipes sp.; Ad. Rc 7565 90 clypeal part of head ventrally 91 forcipular segment ventrally 92 LBS 13–15 ventrally; Otostigmus (O.) multidens nordicus Schileyko, 1995; Ad. Rc 6545 93 LBS 21 ventrally; Ad. Rc 6747 94 anterior part of head ventrally; Otostigmus (O.) astenus (Kohlrausch, 1881); MCZ DNA 102463 95 pretarsus of maxilla 2; Sad. Rc 7507 96 forcipular segment ventrally; (ap)—apical spines of coxopleural process, (as)—accessory spines, (bs)—basal suture of forcipular toothplate, (cl)—clypeus, (cx)—coxopleuron, (df)—conical distomedial process of ultimate femur, (f)—ultimate femur, (l)—labrum, (lc)—lateral spine of coxopleural process, (lsc)—sternal median longitudinal sulcus, (md)—medial longitudinal depression of ultimate femur, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pd)—sternal posterior depression, (pr)—trochantero-prefemoral process, (psl)—sternal paramedian sulci, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ust)—ultimate sternite.
FIGURES 33–39 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 33–39. Theatops posticus (Say, 1821); Sad. Rc 6488; 33 ultimate and penultimate LBS + ultimate legs dorsally; Theatops spinicaudus Wood, 1862; Ad. Rc 6489 34 head + LBS 1 dorsally; Theatops erythrocephalus (C. L. Koch, 1847); ZMB 3393 35 apical part of maxilla 2 laterally; Theatops spinicaudus Wood, 1862; Ad. Rc 6489 36 head + forcipular segment ventrally; Theatops posticus (Say, 1821); Sad. Rc 6488 37 LBS 21 + ultimate legs ventrally; Tonkinodentus lestes Schileyko, 1992; Holotype ad. Rc 6358 38 ultimate + penultimate LBS dorsally 39 cephalic plate + LBS 1 dorsally; (cst)—forcipular coxosternite, (cx)—coxopleuron, (ds)—depigmented eye spot, (p2)—non pectinate pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—prefemur, (pr)—trochantero-prefemural process, (pts)—pretarsus, (T1)—tergite 1, (t2)—tarsus 2, (tp)—forcipular tooth-plate, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (ut)—ultimate tergite, (vp)—short ventral projection of pretarsus of maxilla 2.
FIGURES 26–32 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 26–32. Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) martinicensis Schileyko, Iorio & Coulis, 2018; Ad. paratype CIRAD P8A 26 head, forcipular segment + LBS 1–3 ventrally; Cryptops (Paracryptops) weberi Pocock, 1891; MCZ DNA 102459 27 forcipular segment ventrally; Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) martinicensis Schileyko, Iorio & Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype MNHN 459 28 right ultimate leg medially; Cryptops (C.) caucasius Verhoeff, 1934; Ad. Rc 8003 29 cephalic plate + anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite ventrally; Cryptops australis (Newport, 1845); AM KS 30 apical part of maxilla 2 laterally; Cryptops (Paracryptops) weberi Pocock, 1891; MCZ DNA 102459 31 apical part of of maxilla 2 laterally; Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) martinicensis Schileyko, Iorio & Coulis, 2018; Ad. holotype MNHN 459 32 LBS 3 ventrally; (am)—anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (cl)—clypeus, (cs)—clypeal setose plate, (cst)—forcipular coxosternite, (db)—apical setae of dorsal brush, (es)—enlarged (spiniform) setae, (est)—endosternite, (l)—labrum, (lp)—lateral projection of endosternite, (ls)—long setae, (lsc)—sternal median longitudinal sulcus, (pa)—short rounded projection of anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (pf)—prefemur, (sl)—sternal median longitudinal suture, (sr)—sternal transverse ridge, (st)—saw teeth, (sts)—sternal transverse suture, (tgs)—sternal trigonal sutures, (ti)—tibia, (tr)—tarsungula, (vp)—ventral projection of pretarsus of maxilla 2.
FIGURES 113–118 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 113–118. Edentistoma octosulcatum Tömösváry, 1882; Voucher ZMUT_Chi01 113 left ultimate leg laterally; ZMB 3618 114 forcipular segment ventrally; Voucher ZMUT_Chi01 115 right pleuron of LBS 7 laterally 116 LBS 13–21+ right ultimate leg dorsally 117 LBS 20–21+ right ultimate leg ventrally 118 left ultimate leg medially; (20)—leg 20, (bl)—low blade-like lobe in place of forcipular tooth-plate, (bs)—basal suture of blade-like lobe, (cp)—spineless coxopleural process, (csp)—spineless "corner spine(s)" of ultimate prefemur, (cx)—coxopleuron, (im)—intersclerite membrane, (lsc)—sternal median longitudinal sulcus, (pf)—relatively short ultimate prefemur, (pts)—pretarsus, (rpr)—rudiment of trochantero-prefemoral process, (s)—open spiracle without atrium, (sh)—spiracle hump, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2)—tarsus 2, (tk)—tergal longitudinal keels, (tr)—visibly elongated tarsungula, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
FIGURES 20–25 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 20–25. Newportia stolli (Pocock, 1896); Ad. Rc 7235 (?) 20a ultimate LBS + ultimate legs dorsally; Newportia divergens Chamberlin, 1922 20b right ultimate leg (schematic); Newportia longitarsis virginensis Lewis, 1989; Ad. Rc 7470 21 head and forcipular segment ventrally; Newportia (Tidops) collaris (Kraepelin, 1903); MCZ 32933 22 forcipular segment ventrally 23 anterior half of head ventrally 24 apical part of maxilla 2 laterally 25 right pleuron of mid body LBS laterally; (am)—anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (cl)—clypeus, (cst)— forcipular coxosternite, (f)—femur, (l)—labrum, (p2)—pectinate pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pa)—blunt projection of anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (pf)—prefemur, (s)—open spiracle with atrium, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2i)—tarsus 2 with irregularly divided secondary articles, (th)—trichoid sensillae, (ti)—tibia, (tr)—tarsungula, (trp)—forcipular trochantero-prefemur, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
FIGURES 14–19. Ectonocryptops kraepelini Crabill, 1977 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 14–19. Ectonocryptops kraepelini Crabill, 1977; Holotype 14 figures 5, 6 of Shelley & Mercurio (2008): ultimate LBS and left ultimate leg (dorsally) + left ultimate leg (ventrally); Ectonocryptoides sandrops Schileyko, 2006; Holotype Rc 7197 15 LBS 23 + left ultimate leg dorsally; Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus Shelley & Mercurio, 2005; AMNH, Puebla specimen of Shelley (2009) 16 Apical part of maxilla 2 laterally; Ectonocryptoides sandrops Schileyko, 2006; Holotype Rc 7197 17 Head + forcipular segment ventrally 18 General view dorso-laterally; Newportia monticola Pocock, 1890; Ad. N 7078 19a left side of ultimate LBS + ultimate legs dorso-laterally; Newportia monticola Pocock, 1890 19b right ultimate leg ventrally (schematic); (am)—anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (cp)—coxopleural process, (dp)—distomedial uncinate process of tibia, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—prefemur, (ti)—tibia, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2g)—reduced globose tarsus 2, (t2r)—tarsus 2 with regularly divided secondary articles, (ut)—ultimate tergite, (vsp)—ventral spinous process.
FIGURES 7–13. Scolopocryptops melanostoma Newport, 1845 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 7–13. Scolopocryptops melanostoma Newport, 1845; Ad. Rc 7172 7 LBS 23 and ultimate legs, laterally; Ad. Rc 7503 8 anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite + maxillae 2, ventrally; Scolopocryptops ferrugineus (L., 1767); Peru specimen from Markus Koch collection 9 forcipular segment ventrally; Scolopocryptops miersii Newport, 1845; BMNH, BM 1889.4.13.3–5 10 apical part of maxilla 2 laterally; Kethops utahensis (Chamberlin, 1909) 11 figures 4–6 of Chamberlin (1912); Thalkethops grallatrix Crabill, 1960 12 figure 15 of Crabill (1960); Kethops utahensis (Chamberlin, 1909); USNM Mill Creek (Utah) specimen 13 apical part of maxilla 2 ventro-laterally; (20)—leg 20, (am)—anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (cp)—coxopleural process, (cst)—forcipular coxosternite, (dms)—dorso-medial spinous process of ultimate prefemur, (p2)— pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pa)—short projection of anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (pf)—prefemur, (pla)—pretarsal lamellae, (pt)—process of forcipular trochantero-prefemur, (rl)—right[?] ultimate leg, (S)—? sternite, (st)—saw teeth-like small spinous processes, (t1)—ultimate tarsus 1, (t2)—ultimate tarsus 2, (ti)— ultimate tibia, (us)—ultimate LBS, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (vsp)—ventral spinous process of ultimate prefemur.
FIGURES 1–6. Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 1–6. Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903; Holotype, ZMUH 1 head + LBS 1 dorso-laterally 2 forcipular segment ventrally 3 LBS 16–21 ventrally 4 LBS 21 dorso-laterally 5 LBS 21 ventro-laterally 6 ultimate legs; (20)—leg 20, (am)—anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite, (cp)—coxopleural process, (ll)—left ultimate leg, (o)—single ocellus, (ps)—sternal paramedian sutures, (pt)—rudimentary process of forcipular trochantero-prefemur, (rl)—right ultimate leg, (ss)—numerous small spines, (tas)—tarsal spur, (tis)—tibial spur, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
FIGURES 78–83. Asanada sokotrana Pocock, 1899 in An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses
FIGURES 78–83. Asanada sokotrana Pocock, 1899; BMNH 1934.2.15.151–154 78 LBS 21 ventrally; Asanada indica Jangi & Dass, 1984; Smaller ad. Rc 7484 79 head + LBS 1 dorsally; Asanada brevicornis Meinert, 1886; BMNH 1889.7.15.21–23 80 apical part of maxilla 2 dorso-laterally; Asanada sokotrana Pocock, 1899; BMNH 1899.7.4.85–86 81 LBS 20–21 and ultimate legs dorsally; Otostigmus (O.) multidens Haase, 1887; Ad. Rc 7510 82 right pleuron of LBS 3 laterally; Otostigmus (O.) multidens nordicus Schileyko, 1995; Ad. Rc 6747 83 left side of ultimate LBS + right ultimate leg medially; (an)—antenna, (cx)—coxopleuron, (f)—ultimate femur, (im)—intersclerite membrane, (p2)—pretarsus of maxilla 2, (pf)—ultimate prefemur, (pts)—non enlarged ultimate pretarsus, (s)—open spiracle with atrium, (su)—spines of ultimate prefemur, (T1)—tergite 1, (t1)—tarsus 1, (t2)—tarsus 2, (ti)—tibia, (ust)—ultimate sternite, (ut)—ultimate tergite.
Data from: Testing gradual and speciational models of evolution in extant taxa: the example of ratites
Ever since Eldredge and Gould proposed their model of punctuated equilibria, evolutionary biologists have debated how often this model is the best description of nature and how important it is compared to the more gradual models of evolution expected from natural selection and the neo-Darwinian paradigm. Recently, Cubo proposed a method to test whether morphological data in extant ratites are more compatible with a gradual or with a speciational model (close to the punctuated equilibrium model). As shown by our simulations, a new method to test the mode of evolution of characters (involving regression of standardized contrasts on their expected standard deviation) is easier to implement and more powerful than the previously proposed method, but the Mesquite module CoMET (aimed at investigating evolutionary models using comparative data) performs better still. Uncertainties in branch length estimates are probably the largest source of potential error. Cubo hypothesized that heterochronic mechanisms may underlie morphological changes in bone shape during the evolution of ratites. He predicted that the outcome of these changes may be consistent with a speciational model of character evolution because heterochronic changes can be instantaneous in terms of geological time. Analysis of a more extensive dataset confirms his prediction despite branch length uncertainties: evolution in ratites has been mostly speciational for shape-related characters. However, it has been mostly gradual for size-related ones.
Data from: Systematics and macroevolution of extant and fossil scalopine moles (Mammalia, Talpidae)
Scalopini is one of the two fully fossorial mole tribes in the family Talpidae, with remarkable adaptations to subterranean lifestyles. Most living Scalopini species are distributed in North America while a sole species occurs in China. On the other hand, scalopine fossils are found in both Eurasia and North America from upper Oligocene strata onwards, implying a complex biogeographical history. The systematic relationships of both extant and fossil Scalopini across North America and Eurasia are revised by conducting phylogenetic analyses using a comprehensive morphological character matrix together with 2D geometric–morphometric analyses of the humeral shape, with a specific emphasis on Mioscalops, a genus commonly found in North America and formerly known as Scalopoides. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the tribe Scalopini as well as a proposed two‐subtribe‐division scenario of Scalopini (i.e. Scalopina and Parascalopina), although Proscapanus could not be assigned to either subgenus. Our geometric–morphometric analyses indicate that the European Mioscalops from southern Germany should be allocated to Leptoscaptor, which in turn implies that Mioscalops may be endemic to North America and never arrived in Europe. Examination of biogeographical patterns does not unambiguously determine the geographical origin of Scalopini. Nevertheless, it does support multiple transcontinental colonization events across Asia, Europe and North America. Scapanulus oweni, distributed in central China, is the only remaining representative of one of those out‐of‐North‐America migrations, whereas scalopine moles are common in North America nowadays with up to five species.
Data from: Are cranial biomechanical simulation data linked to known diets in extant taxa? A method for applying diet-biomechanics linkage models to infer feeding capability of extinct species
Performance of the masticatory system directly influences feeding and survival, so adaptive hypotheses often are proposed to explain craniodental evolution via functional morphology changes. However, the prevalence of "many-to-one" association of cranial forms and functions in vertebrates suggests a complex interplay of ecological and evolutionary histories, resulting in redundant morphology-diet linkages. Here we examine the link between cranial biomechanical properties for taxa with different dietary preferences in crown clade Carnivora, the most diverse clade of carnivorous mammals. We test whether hypercarnivores and generalists can be distinguished based on cranial mechanical simulation models, and how such diet-biomechanics linkages relate to morphology. Comparative finite element and geometric morphometrics analyses document that predicted bite force is positively allometric relative to skull strain energy; this is achieved in part by increased stiffness in larger skull models and shape changes that resist deformation and displacement. Size-standardized strain energy levels do not reflect feeding preferences; instead, caniform models have higher strain energy than feliform models. This caniform-feliform split is reinforced by a sensitivity analysis using published models for six additional taxa. Nevertheless, combined bite force-strain energy curves distinguish hypercarnivorous versus generalist feeders. These findings indicate that the link between cranial biomechanical properties and carnivoran feeding preference can be clearly defined and characterized, despite phylogenetic and allometric effects. Application of this diet-biomechanics linkage model to an analysis of an extinct stem carnivoramorphan and an outgroup creodont species provides biomechanical evidence for the evolution of taxa into distinct hypercarnivorous and generalist feeding styles prior to the appearance of crown carnivoran clades with similar feeding preferences.
Data from: Ancestor-descendant relationships in evolution: origin of the extant pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
Ancestor–descendant relationships (ADRs), involving descent with modification, are the fundamental concept in evolution, but are usually difficult to recognize. We examined the cladistic relationship between the only reported fossil pygmy right whale, Miocaperea pulchra, and its sole living relative, the enigmatic pygmy right whale Caperea marginata, the latter represented by both adult and juvenile specimens. Miocaperea is phylogenetically bracketed between juvenile and adult Caperea marginata in morphologically based analyses, thus suggesting a possible ADR—the first so far identified within baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). The Miocaperea–Caperea lineage may show long-term morphological stasis and, in turn, punctuated equilibrium.
Data from: Geometric morphometric analyses of worn cheek teeth help identify extant and extinct gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae)
Studies of the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of fossil vertebrate assemblages require large samples of accurately identified specimens. Such analyses can be hampered by the inability to assign isolated and worn remains to specific taxa. Entoptychine gophers are a diverse group of burrowing rodents found in Oligo-Miocene deposits of the western United States. In both entoptychines and their extant relatives the geomyines, diagnostic characters of the occlusal surface of the teeth are modified with wear, making difficult the identification of many isolated fossil teeth. We use geometric morphometrics to test the hypothesis that tooth shape informs taxonomic affinities and expected levels of morphological variation across gopher taxa. We also incorporate data from microcomputer tomography to investigate changes in occlusal surface shape through wear within individuals. Our analyses demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in identifying extant geomyines to the genus, subgenus and species levels, and fossil entoptychines to the genus and, in some cases, the species level. Our results cast doubt on the validity of some species within Entoptychus and suggest future revisions to entoptychine taxonomy. The amounts of morphological divergence observed among fossil and extant genera are similar. Fossil species do not differ greatly from extant ones in that regard either. Further work evaluating the morphological variation within and across entoptychine species, including unworn teeth and osteological material, will allow revised analyses of the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of important Oligo-Miocene mammalian assemblages of the western United States and help to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of gophers.
Data from: Reproductive trade-offs in extant hunter-gatherers suggest adaptive mechanism for the Neolithic expansion
The Neolithic demographic transition remains a paradox, because it is associated with both higher rates of population growth and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Here we reconcile the conflicting evidence by proposing that the spread of agriculture involved a life history quality–quantity trade-off whereby mothers traded offspring survival for increased fertility, achieving greater reproductive success despite deteriorating health. We test this hypothesis by investigating fertility, mortality, health, and overall reproductive success in Agta hunter-gatherers whose camps exhibit variable levels of sedentarization, mobility, and involvement in agricultural activities. We conducted blood composition tests in 345 Agta and found that viral and helminthic infections as well as child mortality rates were significantly increased with sedentarization. Nonetheless, both age-controlled fertility and overall reproductive success were positively affected by sedentarization and participation in cultivation. Thus, we provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, of an adaptive mechanism in foragers that reconciles the decline in health and child survival with the observed demographic expansion during the Neolithic.
Data from: Persistence of the mitochondrial lineage responsible for the Irish potato famine in extant New World Phytophthora infestans
The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans emerged in Europe in 1845, triggering the Irish potato famine and massive European potato crop losses that continued until effective fungicides were widely employed in the 20th century. Today the pathogen is ubiquitous, with more aggressive and virulent strains surfacing in recent decades. Recently, complete P. infestans mitogenome sequences from 19th-century herbarium specimens were shown to belong to a unique lineage (HERB-1) predicted to be rare or extinct in modern times. We report 44 additional P. infestans mitogenomes: four from 19th-century Europe, three from 1950s U.K. and 34 from modern populations across the New World. We use phylogenetic analyses to identify the HERB-1 lineage in modern populations from both Mexico and South America, and to demonstrate distinct mitochondrial haplotypes were present in 19th-century Europe, with this lineage initially diversifying 75 years before the first reports of potato late blight.
Data from: Ecological stasis in Spinicaudata (Crustacea, Branchiopoda)? Early Cretaceous clam shrimp of the Yixian Formation of north‐east China occupied a broader realized ecological niche than extant members of the group
The palaeoecology of Spinicaudata, the dominant group of benthic invertebrates in many pre-Cenozoic freshwater environments, remains poorly understood. In analogy with extant taxa, it has been oversimplified and often reduced to shallow, temporary environments characterised by few trophic levels, implying ecological stasis from the Devonian to the Recent. We excavated 43 horizons of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Anjiagou and Hengdaozi beds) to evaluate whether spinicaudatan ecology can be simplified to such an extent. Sedimentological evidence suggests general perennial conditions during the excavated lake interval. Based on 33,226 specimen counts, we identified three arthropod-dominated macrobenthic associations and two assemblages. Response curves indicate that the spinicaudatan Eosestheria middendorfii was exceptionally tolerant to environmental gradients, followed, in decreasing order, by mayfly larvae, water boatmen and oligochaetes. Also, many spinicaudatan-yielding layers represent death after reproductive senescence rather than mass-mortality events. Spinicaudatan size varies significantly according to faunal association. A forward stepwise regression model suggests that growth responded to population density and diversity: lower densities and higher diversities triggered fast growth, and vice versa. The proposed strong density effect on carapace size has been corroborated by rearing experiments: As for E. middendorfii, natural log regression provided the best fit for the two extant species Eulimnadia texana and Eocyzicus argillaquus. Hence, Eosestheria middendorfii was a tolerant and morphologically variable species adapted to perennial waters and the frequent presence of higher trophic levels. Although there are rare records of extant taxa co-occurring with fish, the described Early Cretaceous environment is commonly not realized by extant Spinicaudata.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.