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1,854 results for “Host plant”
Data from: Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew
An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross-inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade-offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
Data from: Anthropogenic host plant expansion leads a nettle-feeding butterfly out of the forest: consequences for larval survival and developmental plasticity in adult morphology
Recent anthropogenic eutrophication has meant that hostplants of nettle-feeding insects became quasi-omnipresent in fertile regions of Western Europe. However, hostplant resource quality – in terms of microclimate and nutritional value – may vary considerably between the 'original' forest habitat and 'recent' agricultural habitat. Here, we compared development in both environmental settings using a split-brood design, so as to explore to what extent larval survival and adult morphology in the nettle-feeding butterfly Aglais urticae are influenced by the anthropogenic environment. Nettles along field margins had higher C/N-ratios and provided warmer microclimates to larvae. Larvae developed 20% faster, and tended to improve their survival rates, on the agricultural land compared to woodland. Our split-brood approach indicated plastic responses within families, but also family effects in the phenotypic responses. Adult males and females had darker wing pigmentation in the drier and warmer agricultural environment, which contrasts with the thermal melanism hypothesis. Developmental plasticity in response to this micro-climatically different and more variable habitat was associated with a broader phenotypic parameter space for the species. Both habitat-expansion and developmental plasticity are likely contributors to the ecological and evolutionary success of these nettle-feeding insects in anthropogenic environments under high nitrogen load.
Data from: Diversity and distribution of Wolbachia in relation to geography, host plant affiliation and life cycle of a heterogonic gall wasp
Background: The maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia is widespread in arthropods and nematodes and can play an important role in the ecology and evolution of its host through reproductive manipulation. Here, we survey Wolbachia in Belonocnema treatae, a widely distributed North American cynipid gall forming wasp that exhibits regional host specialization on three species of oaks and alternation of sexually and aseuxlly reproducing generations. We investigated whether patterns of Wolbachia infection and diversity in B. treatae are associated with the insect's geographic distribution, host plant association, life cycle, and mitochondrial evolutionary history. Results: Screening of 463 individuals from 23 populations including sexual and asexual generations from all three host plants across the southern U.S. showed an average infection rate of 56% with three common Wolbachia strains: wTre1-3 and an additional rare variant wTre4. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp showed that these strains are unrelated and likely independently inherited. We found no difference in Wolbachia infection frequency among host plant associated populations or between the asexual and sexual generations, or between males and females of the sexual generation. Partially incomplete Wolbachia transmission rates might explain the occurrence of uninfected individuals. A parallel analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in B. treatae showed high mtDNA haplotype diversity in both infected and uninfected populations suggesting an ancestral infection by Wolbachia as well as a clear split between eastern and western B. treatae mtDNA clades with a sequence divergence of > 6%. The strain wTre1 was present almost exclusively in the western clade while wTre2 and wTre3 occur almost exclusively in eastern populations. In contrast, the same strains co-occur as double-infection in Georgia and triple-infections in two populations in central Florida. Conclusions: The diversity of Wolbachia across geographically and genetically distinct populations of B. treatae and the co-occurrence of the same strains within three populations highlights the complex infection dynamics in this system. Moreover, the association of distinct Wolbachia strains with mitochondrial haplotypes of its host in populations infected by different Wolbachia strains suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in reproductive isolation in B. treatae.
FIGURES 17–22 in New genera and host plant records of Asteraceaefeeding Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil
FIGURES 17–22. Lewinsohnia magna: 17, head, lateral; 18, aculeus, ventral; 19, aculeus tip, ventral; 20, glans, dorsal; 21, epandrium and surstyli, posterior; 22, epandrium, surstyli, hypandrium, phallapodeme and phallus, lateral, with glans, lateral.
FIGURES 11–14 in New genera and host plant records of Asteraceaefeeding Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil
FIGURES 11–14. Eutretopsis albipunctata, male and female terminalia: 11, aculeus, ventral; 12, aculeus tip, ventral; 13, glans, lateral; 14, glans, dorsal.
FIGURES 4–10 in New genera and host plant records of Asteraceaefeeding Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil
FIGURES 4–10. Cipomyia totofusca, male and female terminalia: 4, epandrium and surstyli, posterior; 5, base of phallus, phallapodeme, and hypandrium, ventral; 6, epandrium, surstyli, hypandrium, phallapodeme and base of phallus, lateral; 7, aculeus, ventral; 8, aculeus tip, ventral; 9, glans, lateral; 10, glans, dorsal.
FIGURES 27–28 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 27–28. Mnasthaia arverniorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 27. Right tegmen (partly reconstructed); Fig. 28. Face. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 24–26 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 24–26. Mnaomaia bellovaciorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 24. Left hind tibia and tarsus; Fig. 25. Left tarsus; Fig. 26. Male genital block in left ventrolateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 19–23 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 19–23. Mnaomaia bellovaciorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 19. Anterior part of body in dorsal view; Fig. 20. Face and rostrum; Fig. 21. Anterior part of body in lateral view; Fig. 22. Right tegmen; Fig. 23. Part of hind wing. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 17–18 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 17–18. Stalisyne veromanduiorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 17. Male pygofer in ventral view; Fig. 18. Male genital block in lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm for 17, 1 mm for 18.
FIGURES 1–4 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 1–4. Stalisyne lutetiorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 1. Anterior part of body in dorsal view; Fig. 2. Face in ventrolateral view; Fig. 3. Face and rostrum in ventrolateral view; Fig. 4. Anterior part of body in right lateral view; Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 5–7 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 5–7. Stalisyne lutetiorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 5. Right tegmen; Fig. 6. Left tegmen; Fig. 7. Hind wing; Scale bar: 1 mm. Abreviations: C — costal margin; ScRA1 — terminal of subcostaradius anterior 1; RA — terminalia of radius anterior; RP — terminalia of radius posterior; M — terminalia of media; CuA — terminalia of Cubitus aneterior; CuP — terminal of cubitus posterior; Pcu — postcubitus; A1 — first anal vein; A2 — second anal vein.
FIGURES 13–16 in New Mnemosynini taxa (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from the Palaeogene of France with notes on their early association with host plants
FIGURES 13–16. Stalisyne veromanduiorum gen. et sp. nov. Fig. 13. Anterior part of body in dorsal view; Fig. 14. Left tegmen; Fig. 15. Part of right tegmen; Fig. 16. Part of hind wing. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus.
FIGURE 4 in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia.
FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm.
FIGURE 2 in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15mm; C = 0.5mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125mm; G = 0.025mm; H, I = 0.25mm.
FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa.
FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A in First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *
FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.