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Figure 13 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America
Figure 13. Comparison of the surangular of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970).
Figure 12 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America
Figure 12. Comparison of the quadratojugal of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and PIN 551–2 after Maleev (1974).
FIGURE 1 in The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)
FIGURE 1—Stereopairs and line drawings of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513). 1, anterior view and cross-sectional views; 2, posterior view. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone or a cross-sectional surface. Dashed lines indicate missing portions. Abbreviations: cb, central body; ep, epicleideum; hc, hypocleideum; la, ligament attachment scars. Scale bar equals 10 cm in Stereopairs; 5 cm in line drawings.
Figure 9. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 9. A, insertions of (dark grey) m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis onto anterior cervical epipophyses of Haliaeetus leucocephalus. B, schematic origin (light grey) of m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis, from cervicodorsal region of Struthio camelus. C, schematic origins (dark grey) of m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis from epipophyses (processes dorsales) of posterior cervicals in Struthio camelus. Slips from these origins coalasce with the main belly of the muscle, as demarcated by the light-shaded lines. The main belly of the muscle continues dorsally. D, schematic origin and insertions of m. longus colli dorsalis pars caudalis. This muscle subsystem originates from the cervicodorsal region and sends multiple bellies to insert on posterior cervical epipophyses. E, origins of m. longissimus cervicis/m interarticulares of Caiman crocodylus. The gradient-filled slips represent association of origins with the fascia surrounding the muscles. F, anteriormost insertions (dark grey) of m. longissimus cervicis/m. interarticulares, and m. transversospinalis cervicis, of Caiman crocodylus.
Data from: A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China
This paper describes a new oviraptorid dinosaur taxon, Ganzhousaurus nankangensis gen. et sp. nov., based on a specimen collected from the Upper Cretaceous Nanxiong Formation of Nankang County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, southern China. This new taxon is distinguishable from other oviraptorids based on the following unique combination of primitive and derived features: relatively shallow dentary; absence of fossa or pneumatopore on lateral surface of dentary; weakly downturned anterior mandibular end; shallow depression immediately surrounding anterior margin of external mandibular fenestra; external mandibular fenestra subdivided by anterior process of surangular; dentary posteroventral process slight-ly twisted and positioned on mandibular ventrolateral surface; shallow longitudinal groove along medial surface of den-tary posteroventral process; angular anterior process wider transversely than deep dorsoventrally; sharp groove along ventrolateral surface of angular anterior process; ventral border of external mandibular fenestra formed mainly by angular; ventral flange along distal half of metatarsal II; and arctometatarsal condition absent. Phylogenetic analysis places Ganzhousaurus nankangensis gen. et sp. nov. in the clade Oviraptoridae, together with Oviraptor, Citipati, Rinchenia and the unnamed Zamyn Khondt oviraptorid.
Data from: Carcharodontosaurian remains (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal
A new specimen of a theropod dinosaur found in the Upper Jurassic (Freixial Formation, late Tithonian) of the Lusitanian Basin is described. It corresponds to a single individual and includes a sequence of articulated caudal vertebrae, an almost complete right pes, and other fragments of the appendicular skeleton. The specimen includes the most complete pes of a theropod dinosaur currently known in the Lusitanian Basin and represents one of the youngest skeletal records of theropod dinosaurs currently known in the Portuguese Upper Jurassic. A systematic analysis of this specimen is performed and it shows a combination of characters that allows us to interpret it as belonging to an allosauroid taxon. Within this clade the material from Cambelas shares a few features with some carcharodontosaurids, including the presence of a lateral lamina extending along the anterior end of the centrum in the caudal vertebra and of a low vertical crest on the lateral surface of the femoral lesser trochanter. The set of remains described here shares some unusual features with another specimen previously described in the Portuguese fossil record, which also presents some synapomorphies of Carcharodontosauria. However, no autapomorphy or exclusive character combination can be recognized in the specimen here described in order to describe it as a new form. The presence of this specimen suggests a greater diversity in the allosauroid theropod fauna from the Late Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin than currently known and probably expands the temporal record of Carcharodontosauria up to upper Tithonian of south-western Europe.
FIGURE 1 in A redescription of ' Megalosaurus ' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom
FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R332) in lateral (A, J, F–G, M, P–Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T–U), posterior (D–E), and dorsal (I, N, R–S) views. A–D, left premaxilla; E–I, right premaxilla; J– L, right maxilla with magnified (x2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M–O, left dentary; P–U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A redescription of ' Megalosaurus ' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom
FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R332) showing parts of NHM R332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I–J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B–E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K–L), medial (M–N) views. A, I–J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B–E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F–H, posterior portion of vomer; K–N, right surangular; O, NHM R334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D–E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B–H, K–N) and 100 mm (A, I–J, O).
FIGURE 8 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 8. Photographs and line drawings of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in posterior (a, b) and right lateral (c, d) views. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atr, anterior tympanic recess; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; dtr, dorsal tympanic recess; ex-op, exoccipital-opisthotic; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, paracondylar openings representing jugal foramen and foramen for nerve XII; ls, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; p, parietal; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore); pop, paroccipital process; pp, preotic pendant; pro, prootic; scr, subcondylar recess; so, supraoccipital; sok, supraoccipital knob; sor, supraoccipital ridge. Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 12 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 12. Photographs of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in right lateral oblique views, including a complete photograph (a) and a closeup of the anterior pituitary region (b). Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atr, anterior tympanic recess; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; ct, crista tuberalis (=metotic strut); dtr, dorsal tympanic recess; ecc, endocranial canal; f, fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, foramen; ic, internal carotid entrance; pit, pituitary fossa; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore); orb, orbitosphenoid articulation scar; ssr, subsellar recess. Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Scale bar equals 5 cm and refers to image (a) only.
FIGURE 11 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 11. Photograph of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atr, anterior tympanic recess; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; dtr, dorsal tympanic recess; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, paracondylar openings representing jugal foramen and foramen for nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore). Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Arrowhead indicates position of foramen (which is hidden in lateral view). Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 4. Photograph of the skull roof (right nasal, frontals, parietals) of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.2) in dorsal (a), ventral (b), and left lateral (c) views. Abbreviations: cr, crest within supratemporal fossa; lc, lacrimal contact; nas, nasal; np, nasal process; npr, nasal pneumatic recess; obd, olfactory bulb depressions; oc, orbitosphenoid contact; of, orbital fossa; on, orbital notch; par, parietal; poc, postorbital contact; sc, sagittal crest; stf, supratemporal fossa. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 3 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 3. Photograph of the right maxilla of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.4) in medial view. Abbreviations: gr, groove; idp, interdental plates; ma, maxillary antrum; pmr, promaxillary recess. Scale bar equals 5 cm.l plates; ma, maxillary antrum; pmr, promaxillary recess. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 14 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 14. Photographs of an anterior caudal vertebra (a–f: caudal A, IVPP V2885.6,) and a posterior caudal vertebra (g–l: caudal B, IVPP V2885.7) of Shaochilong maortuensis in left lateral (a, g), right lateral (b, h), ventral (c, i), dorsal (d, j), anterior (e, k), and posterior (f, l) views. Abbreviations: for, foramen; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tvp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 2 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 2. Photographs of the right maxilla of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.4) in lateral (a), medial (b), and ventral (c) views. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; ar, anterior ramus; gr, groove; idp, interdental plates; jpr, jugal process; ma, maxillary antrum; pmr, promaxillary recess; pnr, primary neurovascular foramina row; snr, secondary neurovascular foramina row. Designation "m" referrs to maxillary tooth position. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 15 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 15. Photographs of two posterior caudal vertebrae, caudal C (a–f) and caudal D (g–k), of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.7) in left lateral (a, g), right lateral (b, h), anterior (c, i), posterior (d), ventral (e, j), and dorsal (f, k) views. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 13 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 13. Photographs of the axis of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.5) in anterior (a), posterior (b), left lateral (c), right lateral (d), and ventral (e) views. Abbreviations: f, fossa; las, ligament attachment site; lf, lateral fossae; mr, medial ridge; nc, neural canal; pa, parapophysis; paf, posterior articular surface; pf, pneumatic fossa; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tvp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 1 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 1. Skull reconstruction of Shaochilong maortuensis, based upon the paralectotype series described here (IVPP V.2885.1–4). Compared to other carcharodontosaurids, Shaochilong has a shortened snout (shorter and deeper skull) and a smaller body size. Reconstruction by Brett Booth. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 9 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 9. Photographs of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in oblique left posterior (a) and oblique right posterior (b) views. Abbreviations: bs, basisphenoid; for, paracondylar openings representing jugal foramen and foramen for nerve XII; pf, pneumatic fossa; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore); scr, subcondylar recess. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 10 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 10. Photograph of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in ventral view. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bsrw, basisphenoid recess web; bt, basal tubera; ex-op, exoccipital-opisthotic; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, foramen; ic, internal carotid entrance; p, parietal; pit, pituitary fossa; pro, prootic; ssr, subsellar recess. Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
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