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FIGURE 4 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)

FIGURE 4. Comparison of the mean of the head width (HW), the carapace width (CW), and the plastron length (PL) relative to carapace length (CL) in four adults of Mesoclemmys jurutiensis and M. sabiniparaensis. The data was retrieved from table 4 in Cunha et al. (2021) and table 6 in Cunha et al. (2022). The percentile method was used to generate 95% confidence intervals around the mean (black circle) by bootstrapping 1000 times the observations (grey points). The means of the outgroups M. gibba (dotted horizontal line), M. raniceps (dashed horizontal line), and M. perplexa (dot-dashed horizontal line) were retrieved from table 7 in Cunha et al. (2022).

FIGURE 1 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)

FIGURE 1. (A) Maximum likelihood tree redrawn from Cunha et al. (2022); (B) maximum likelihood tree using a concatenated alignment (1261 bp; 675 bp COI, 586 bp 16S) combining sequences from Cunha et al. (2021, 2022); (C) topology of the corresponding clades redrawn from Thomson et al. (2021) derived from a Bayesian analysis of 15 nuclear loci. Taxa not represented in Cunha et al. (2021, 2022) are shown in grey. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree using a in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree using a COI alignment (675 bp) expanding the alignment from Cunha et al. (2021, 2022). Sequences used by Cunha et al. (2021, 2022) in bold. Codes preceding taxon names are GenBank accession numbers. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).

FIGURE 2 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood trees for the COI (675 bp) and 16S (586 bp) alignments corresponding to the datasets of Cunha et al. (2021, 2022). Codes preceding taxon names are GenBank accession numbers. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).

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FIG. 3 in Few Impacts of Introduced Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on Aquatic Stages of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)

FIG. 3. Estimated relationships between Cutthroat Trout habitat use and water depth (a), vegetation density (b), and temperature (c) by using the most parsimonious occupancy model, Ψ(size + depth + veg + temp), p(.), during the embryo stage of Boreal Toad development. Relationships with each covariate is plotted using the average values of other covariates. The dashed line designates the relationship for small Cutthroat Trout, and the solid line represents the relationships for large Cutthroat Trout. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. In (a) and (b), the circles indicate the vegetation density and predicted use at the three egg mass locations. In (c), the squares indicate the average morning temperatures and predicted use at the three egg mass locations. The triangles represent the same for the average evening temperatures.

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FIG. 1 in Few Impacts of Introduced Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on Aquatic Stages of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)

FIG. 1. Map of Rocky Mountain National Park and its major water bodies. The two study sites, Spruce Lake and Fay Lakes, are denoted by black triangles.

opennotspecifiedOct 2022View details →

Figure 3 in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain

Figure 3. Geolocations of Alytes obstetricans males (left) and females (right) in the locality of Valtierra during the breeding season of 2020-2021. White polygons approximate home ranges for individuals captured three or more times, white lines represent distances covered by individuals captured twice, and white dots show the locations of individuals captured only once. The orange line represents the minimum convex polygon including all geolocations of all toads (males, females and individuals of unknown sex combined).

opennotspecifiedOct 2022View details →

Figure 2 in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain

Figure 2. Abundance estimates (N a, with their 95% confidence intervals) for A. obstetricans males, females and individuals of unknown sex in Valtierra and Fuente del Valle in the breeding seasons of 2019, 2020 and 2021, based on POPAN analyses.

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Figure 1. A in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain

Figure 1. A) Location of the study area in the SE of Comunidad de Madrid (Central Spain). The inset (red box) shows the location of our study area (C). B) Alytes obstetricans male carrying an egg clutch. C) Distribution of A. obstetricans in the study area. The main rivers in the study region are marked in blue, while the white line represents the border of Comunidad de Madrid. Circles of different sizes represent larval abundances (in three categories: small: 1-100, medium: 101-1000, large:>1000), and colors represent natural (purple) and artificial (yellow) breeding sites (for details, see table 1). Numbers in red color refer to localities of Valtierra (28) and Fuente del Valle (29). Photo credit: Carlos Caballero-Díaz.

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FIG. 2 in Few Impacts of Introduced Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on Aquatic Stages of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas)

FIG. 2. Photograph of two caged Boreal Toad egg mass halves at Spruce Lake. The paired exposed egg mass halves are not visible, but located directly adjacent to each cage.

Figure 1. A in Directional orientation of migration in an aseasonal explosive-breeding toad from Brazil

Figure 1. A breeding pair of Melanophrŋniscus cambaraensis (snout–vent length approximately 35 mm) at the study site.

Figure 3 in Directional orientation of migration in an aseasonal explosive-breeding toad from Brazil

Figure 3. Schematic map showing arrangement of drift fences and funnel traps around the temporary stream where Melanophrŋniscus cambaraensis form explosive breeding aggregations. The areas on both sides of the road are composed of planted Araucaria angustifolia forest.

Figure 2 in Directional orientation of migration in an aseasonal explosive-breeding toad from Brazil

Figure 2. Method of data collection at the Melanophrŋniscus cambaraensis breedingsite.Layoutof driftfencesandfunneltraps (a). Thebreedingsite was completelyenclosed with two plastic sheets and funnel traps facing inwardsandoutwards weredistributedaround thefences. Notedirtroad adjacent to the breeding site. Close-up showing fence and funnel trap design (b). To hold the fence tightly to the rocky substrate, we weighted the base of the fence by folding over and stapling the lower edge of the plastic sheets and filling the resulting pocket with soil and small rocks. We inserted soil and rocks next to the funnel traps to seal spaces in the fence and placed soil on the floor of the funnel to facilitate toad entry.

Figure 4 in Directional orientation of migration in an aseasonal explosive-breeding toad from Brazil

Figure 4. Circular histograms showing the frequency and mean vector for the directional orientation of pre- and post-reproductive migration in Melanophrŋniscus cambaraensis, excluding pseudoreplicate captures. The observed data were significantly different from expected under a uniform distribution for both pre- and post-reproductive migration, regardless of gender (Rao's spacing test, all P <0.001).