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555 results for “Woody”
Data from: Extreme prescribed fire during drought reduces survival and density of woody resprouters
Management intervention in ecosystems with degraded environmental services requires innovative resource management strategies that go beyond conventional restoration and conservation practices. We established a unique study that experimentally targeted extreme fire conditions during drought in humid subtropical and semiarid ecoregions. In the southern Great Plains of North America, conventional restoration and conservation practices have been either historically ineffective or economically cost prohibitive at restoring grass-dominated ecosystems following conversion to resprouting shrublands. Our aim was to assess the potential for extreme fire during drought to force the system along an alternate ecological trajectory from its current progression toward closed-canopy resprouting shrubland, something conventional fire prescriptions have been unable to accomplish. We first tested the potential for high intensity fires exhibiting extreme behaviour to disrupt the progression from grassland to shrubland. In both ecoregions, significant levels of mortality were observed for mature woody resprouters. As a result, densities were either maintained or reduced three years following extreme fire treatments, whereas resprouter densities continued to increase in areas that were not burned. A second interventionist approach involving extreme fire and herbicide treatment combinations was not supported. Interactions between prescribed extreme fire and herbicide did not significantly reduce resprouter densities more than using herbicide alone at either site. Synthesis and applications: Extreme fires during drought resulted in exceptionally high levels of mortality across all sizes of woody resprouters and limited recruitment, resulting in 35–55% lower densities of resprouters than in areas not burned. These findings counter prevailing scientific and management expectations, which are based largely on studies that impose tight controls over prescribed fire conditions and avoid extreme fire behaviour. Future interventions for controlling woody resprouters with fire may require rethinking the present ideology that extreme fire behaviour has no place in modern social-ecological landscapes.
Data from: Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association, and woodiness
Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large‐scale synthesis of species trait effects on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.
Data from: Relationships between leaf mass per area and nutrient concentrations in 98 Mediterranean woody species are determined by phylogeny, habitat and leaf habit
Leaf structural and nutrient traits are key attributes of plant ecological strategies, as these traits are related to resource-use strategies and plant growth. However, leaf structure and nutrient composition can vary among different habitats, leaf habits or phylogenetic groups. In this study, we measured 13 leaf traits (one structural—leaf mass per area, LMA—and 12 nutrient traits) in 98 Mediterranean woody species growing over a wide range of environmental conditions, with the final aim of discerning the main causes of leaf trait variability. The variance decomposition results show that phylogeny, leaf habit and habitat type affected in several ways the structural and nutrient traits studied. Leaf nutrient concentrations are strongly positively correlated amongst themselves, and negatively correlated with LMA, in accordance with the "leaf economics spectrum". We found that leaf habit and phylogeny were important causes of variation in LMA and in a broad number of leaf nutrients (i.e., C, N, Mg, S, K), while other micronutrients seemed to be more dependent on the environment (i.e., Cu and Mn). In summary, our study reinforces the existence of the leaf economics spectrum in a broad pool of Mediterranean woody species, and demonstrates the strong influence of phylogeny, leaf habit and environmental context as the main drivers of variability in some leaf structural and nutrient traits.
Data from: How much of the world is woody?
1.The question posed by the title of this paper is a basic one, and it is surprising that the answer is not known. Recently assembled trait datasets provide an opportunity to address this, but scaling these datasets to the global scale is challenging because of sampling bias. Although we currently know the growth form of tens of thousands of species, these data are not a random sample of global diversity; some clades are exhaustively characterised, while others we know little–to–nothing about. 2.Starting with a database of woodiness for 39,313 species of vascular plants (12% of taxonomically resolved species, 59% of which were woody), we estimated the status of the remaining taxonomically resolved species by randomisation. To compare the results of our method to conventional wisdom, we informally surveyed a broad community of biologists. No consensus answer to the question existed, with estimates ranging from 1% to 90% (mean: 31.7%). 3.After accounting for sampling bias, we estimated the proportion of woodiness among the world's vascular plants to be between 45% and 48%. This was much lower than a simple mean of our dataset and much higher than the conventional wisdom. 4.Synthesis: Alongside an understanding of global taxonomic diversity (i.e., number of species globally), building a functional understanding of global diversity is an important emerging research direction. This approach represents a novel way to account for sampling bias in functional trait datasets and to answer basic questions about functional diversity at a global scale
Data from: Shifts in woody plant defense syndromes during leaf development
1. Herbivores target young leaves in forests worldwide. How this strong and predictable selection pressure has shaped plant defense syndromes remains unclear. Specifically, whether young leaf herbivory has led to general global patterns of shifting leaf defences during lead development (i.e. ontogenetic trajectories) remains unknown but likely. 2. Using meta-analysis, we have synthesized developmental shifts in chemical, physical, and indirect defence traits, as well as leaf nutrient content, during leaf expansion and maturation across 124 woody plant species. Leaf traits were compared for immature young leaves versus mature leaves within studies, and these developmental shifts were then compared across studies to characterize general patterns. 3. Traits shifted strongly during leaf maturation, giving rise to discrete defence syndromes, with young leaves having significantly greater nutrient and secondary chemistry concentrations but reduced toughness and indirect defence traits than mature leaves. These patterns corroborate a growing consensus on the importance of ontogeny in plant defences, illustrating ontogenetic trajectories at the scale of leaves. 4. Trait developmental shifts were stronger in species with synchronous than asynchronous leaf flushing, but whether this reflects variation across biomes remains unclear. 5. Future research on under-studied traits, such as alkaloids, cyanogenesis, leaf phosphorus content, and indirect defence traits, and in a more biogeographic context will provide additional insights into the generality of shifts in defence syndromes during leaf development.
Data from: Woody plant biomass and carbon exchange depend on elephant-fire interactions across a productivity gradient in African savanna
Elephants and fire are individually well-known disturbance agents within savanna ecosystems, but their interactive role in governing tree-cover dynamics and savanna–forest biome boundaries remains unresolved. Of central importance are the mechanisms by which elephants vs. fire affect tree biomass and cover, and how – over long time periods – both factors interact with rainfall and soils to govern tree biomass and carbon dynamics. Here, we evaluated the response of woody vegetation to 56 years of fire manipulation in South Africa's Kruger National Park, with three fire regimes (annual, triennial and unburned) replicated across a productivity gradient and subject to two periods of contrasting elephant abundances (generated by the cessation of culling in 1994). Higher fire frequencies had a negative effect on woody biomass in the low-elephant period, but this effect was weak to negligible in the high-elephant period as the difference among fire treatments diminished. Moreover, elephants removed increasing amounts of woody biomass as productivity increased across study sites, but fire did not. We infer that elephant-induced tree mortality could overcome increases in woody-plant productivity, while fire-induced mortality alone could not. Elephants caused woody-plant carbon to shift from a sink to a source; this effect was independent of fire treatment, with highest rates of net carbon removal in the wettest and most productive site. Synthesis. Our results reveal a context-dependent interaction between fire and elephants as disturbance agents in savanna: the influence of fire on woody plants was sensitive to the abundance of elephants and diminished with increased plant productivity. In contrast, elephants were capable of shifting landscapes from relatively dense woodland to open savanna, even in unburned sites, and exerted strong impacts irrespective of site conditions and plant productivity.
Data from: Relationships between resprouting ability, species traits, and resource allocation patterns in woody species in a temperate forest
Many woody plants resprout to restore above-ground biomass after disturbances or to survive in stressful environments. Resprouting requires carbohydrate storage, but the general relationship between resource allocation patterns and resprouting ability remains unclear because it can be influenced by the disturbance regime to which species have adapted. We studied deciduous broadleaved trees that coexist in a Japanese cool-temperate forest to investigate the relationships among the biomass and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation patterns of saplings, resprouting ability and functional traits. The study species comprised 16 single-stemmed species that only resprout when above-ground biomass loss occurs and eight multi-stemmed species that resprout regardless of whether above-ground damage occurs or not. Single-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability had larger roots, whereas multi-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability did not necessarily depend on below-ground reserves. Species that retain their ability to resprout until a larger size had a higher root TNC content as saplings, suggesting that they can survive major disturbances such as fire and coppicing by resprouting supported by TNC stored in their roots. Species with shade-tolerant traits (i.e. low foliar nitrogen indicating low photosynthetic capacity, high wood density indicating high defensive investment) had small below-ground TNC reserves irrespective of resprouting types. On the other hand, multi-stemmed species with high wood density and high LMA (indicating high photosynthetic capacity) had small above-ground TNC reserves. Contrary to our hypothesis, a species' maximum size did not relate to the size of its below-ground reserves. By considering the differences in resprouting types, we suggest more complex control of resprouting than was formerly proposed. Variation in the resprouting ability of single-stemmed species was based on a trade-off between below-ground reserves for resprouting and shade-tolerant traits. However, multi-stemmed species can vigorously resprout irrespective of the size of its below-ground reserves. Their multi-stemmed architecture, well-defended wood, high photosynthetic capacity or large above-ground carbohydrate reserves seem to respectively contribute to their persistence. Such variation in the resprouting strategy based on a trade-off between shade tolerance and resource storage would promote species coexistence under a range of disturbance regimes and light environments.
Data from: Identification of putative orthologous genes for the phylogenetic reconstruction of temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
The temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) are highly diverse in morphology but lack a substantial amount of genetic variation. The taxonomy of this lineage is intractable, and the relationships within the tribe have not been well resolved. Recent studies indicated that this tribe could have a complex evolutionary history. Although phylogenetic studies of the tribe have been carried out, most of these phylogenetic reconstructions were based on plastid data, which provide lower phylogenetic resolution compared to nuclear data. In this study, we intended to identify a set of desirable nuclear genes for resolving the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos. Using two different methodologies, we identified 209 and 916 genes, respectively, as putative single copy orthologous genes. A total of 112 genes was successfully amplified and sequenced by next-generation sequencing technologies in five species sampled from the tribe. As most of the genes exhibited intra-individual allele heterozygotes (IIAHs), we investigated phylogenetic utility by reconstructing the phylogeny based on individual genes. Discordance among gene trees was observed and, to resolve the conflict, we performed a range of analyses using BUCKy and HybTree. While caution should be taken when inferring a phylogeny from multiple conflicting genes, our analysis indicated that 74 of the 112 investigated genes are potential markers for resolving the phylogeny of the temperate woody bamboos.
Flume data on flow resistance of flexible foliated woody vegetation
<p>This dataset contains flume data on flow resistance of flexible foliated woody vegetation. The data have been previously reported and analyzed by Västilä et al. (2013), Västilä & Järvelä (2014), and Box et al. (2021), respectively.</p> <p>The data were used in developing and validating the modeling of flexible woody vegetation in D-FLOW FM module of the Delft3D Flexible Mesh (Delft3D FM) Suite, as reported in Västilä et al. (submitted). Two leaf-aread-index based flow resistance formulas (Järvelä 2004, Eq. 16, JAR; and Västilä & Järvelä 2014, Eq. 17, VAS) were implemented into D-FLOW FM by Västilä et al. (submitted). </p> <p>This contribution consists of three datasets, in all of which the plants were approximately homogeneously distributed across the entire flume bed: 1) artificial nature-like shrubs with 2 cm tall understory grasses under low relative submergence (h/hd=0.9-3.1) conditions (Box et al., 2021), 2) Black Poplars at three plant densities under just submerged conditions (Västilä et al., 2013), and 3) four natural deciduous riparian species at different leaf-area-to-stem-area ratios (AL/AS) under just submerged conditions (Västilä & Järvelä, 2014). </p> <p>The measured data are compiled in the file "Vastila_etal_2024_Flume data on flow resistance of flexible foliated woody vegetation.xlsx". Dataset 1 is located in sheet "Box_etal_2021_data.xlsx", while Datasets 2 and 3 are combined in sheet "Västilä&Järvelä_2013+2014_data". The corresponding metadata descriptions are included in separate sheets. The sheet "VAS+JAR_parameters" includes tables reporting the recommended parameter values of the JAR (Table 1) and VAS (Table 2) formulas as well as the parameter values of both formulas as derived at low and high levels of AL/AS (Table 3) to analyze the uncertainty of the formulas related to the parameter dependency on AL/AS (see Västilä et al. submitted). The datasets include a specific model ID code for each case in column entitled "Model ID".</p> <p>References<br>- Box, W., Järvelä, J. & Västilä, K. 2021. Flow resistance of floodplain vegetation mixtures for modelling river flows. Journal of Hydrology 601: 126593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126593</p> <p>- Järvelä, J. 2004. Determination of flow resistance caused by non-submerged woody vegetation. International Journal of River Basin Management 2(1): 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2004.9635222</p> <p>- Västilä, K., Järvelä, J., & Aberle, J. 2013. Characteristic reference areas for estimating flow resistance of natural foliated vegetation. Journal of Hydrology 492: 49-60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.015</p> <p>- Västilä, K. & Järvelä, J. 2014. Modeling flow resistance of woody vegetation using physically-based parameters for foliage and stem. Water Resources Research 50(1): 229-245. DOI: 10.1002/2013WR013819</p> <p>- Västilä, K., Berends, K.D., Järvelä, J., Penning, E.W.E. (submitted) Development of flow resistance modeling using state-of-the-art formulas for flexible woody vegetation in Delft3D FM. </p>
Can prescribed fires restore C4 grasslands invaded by a C3 woody species and a co-dominant C3 grass species?
<p>Prescribed fire is used to reduce woody plant invasion and restore herbaceous production and diversity in grasslands and savannas worldwide. Here we determined if a concentrated series of repeated-winter, repeated-summer, or alternate-season (winter and summer) fires in a short timeframe ("transition fires") could catalyze the restoration of C<sub>4</sub> perennial grasses in Southern Great Plains, USA grasslands that had become dominated by a fire-tolerant C<sub>3</sub> woody N<sub>2</sub>-fixer (honey mesquite, <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i>) and a C<sub>3</sub> perennial bunchgrass (Texas wintergrass, <i>Nassella leucotricha</i>). We applied transition fires over a 5-year span, and maintenance fires on a portion of each plot 7 or 8 years later. We measured herbaceous standing biomass and cover and soil variables (soil organic C, N, δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) in unburned, transition-burned and maintenance-burned treatments. Greater δ<sup>13</sup>C at 10-20 (-17 ‰) than 0-10 (-20 ‰) cm depth increment confirmed that vegetation was historically mostly C<sub>4</sub> grassland that shifted towards C<sub>3</sub> dominance. Transition treatments with summer fire were most effective at top-killing mesquite, but no treatments root-killed >3%. Regrowth of top-killed mesquite was similar in all treatments and reached pre-fire height by 9 to 10 years post-fire. Herbaceous production and cover responses showed that: (1) alternate-season transition fires increased C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass, but did not change Texas wintergrass, (2) repeated-summer fires reduced Texas wintergrass, but did not change C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass, and (3) repeated-winter fires did not change C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass or Texas wintergrass compared to the unburned control. All maintenance fires stimulated Texas wintergrass biomass and cover, thus eliminating the reduction of Texas wintergrass caused by repeated-summer transition fires. There were no long-term effects of transition fires on soil C, N, δ<sup>13</sup>C or δ<sup>15</sup>N. Results advance our understanding of the expectations and limitations of prescribed fire in shifting a woodland alternate state toward what was historically a fire supported C<sub>4</sub> grassland/savanna.</p>
Functional relationship between woody plants and insect communities in response to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infestation in the Three Gorges Reservoir region
<p>To study the effect of the invasion of <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> on the functional relationship between woody plants and insect communities, the populations of tree species and insect communities were investigatived in the Masson pine forests with different infestation durations of <i>B. xylophilus</i>.</p>
Fig. 3. – Species prediction for a grid cell. A in Geographical patterns of woody plants' functional traits in Burkina Faso
Fig. 3. – Species prediction for a grid cell. A. Percentage of species flowering in rainy season; B. Percentage of species having dry fruits; C. Percentage of species having dehiscent fruits; D. Average of minimal fruit length.
Temporal and palaeoclimatic context of the evolution of insular woodiness in the Canary Islands: Supplementary tables and figures
<p>Insular woodiness (IW), referring to the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness towards woodiness on islands, has arisen more than 30 times on the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean). One of the IW hypotheses suggests that drought has been a major driver of wood formation, but we do not know in which palaeoclimatic conditions the insular woody lineages originated. Therefore, we provided an updated review on the presence of IW on the Canaries, reconstructed the palaeoclimate, and estimated the timing of origin of woodiness of 24 insular woody lineages that represent a large majority of the insular woody species diversity on the Canaries. Our single, broad-scale dating analysis shows that woodiness in 60-65% of the insular woody lineages studied originated within the last 3.2 Myr, during which Mediterranean seasonality (yearly summer droughts) became established on the Canaries. Consequently, our results are consistent with palaeoclimatic aridification as a potential driver of woodiness in a considerable proportion of the insular woody Canary Island lineages. However, the observed pattern between insular woodiness and palaeodrought during the last couple of million years could potentially have emerged as a result of the typically young age of the native insular flora, characterised by a high turnover.</p>
Climatic drivers of the global biogeography of simple- and compound-leaved woody species
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Figure 1 from: Zhang Y-X, Ma P-F, Li D-Z (2018) A new genus of temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Arundinarieae) from a limestone montane area of China. PhytoKeys 109: 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.109.27566
Figure 1 Hsuehochloacalcarea. A, B Habit and habitat C Clump D Young culm with white pubescence E, F Branch complement G Culm sheath H Leaves I Inflorescence J Floret (A–D, G from P. F. Ma & Z. M. Cai 10050E, F, H from seedlings introduced from Libo, Guizhou, China I, J from P. F. Ma s.n). Scale bars: 5 cm (A–C); 0.5 cm (D, G); 2 cm (E, F); 1 cm (H, I); 1mm (J).
Supplementary material 1 from: Dyderski MK, Jagodziński AM (2019) Functional traits of acquisitive invasive woody species differ from conservative invasive and native species. NeoBiota 41: 91-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.41.31908
: Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.41.31908.suppl1
Figure 1 from: Wang P-Y, Li D-Z (2019) Dendrocalamus menghanensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new woody bamboo from Yunnan, China. In: Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Li D-Z (Eds) Revealing of the plant diversity in China's biodiversity hotspots. PhytoKeys 130: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.130.33948
Figure 1 Dendrocalamus menghanensis P.Y. Wang & D.Z. Li. A Culm sheath (abaxial view) B ultimate branchlet with leaves C portion of young culm with culm sheath D portion of flowering branch E pseudo-spikelet F pistil G stamen H glume I lemma J Palea. Drawn from the holotype.
Figure 2 from: Wang P-Y, Li D-Z (2019) Dendrocalamus menghanensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new woody bamboo from Yunnan, China. In: Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Li D-Z (Eds) Revealing of the plant diversity in China's biodiversity hotspots. PhytoKeys 130: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.130.33948
Figure 2 Dendrocalamus menghanensis P.Y.Wang & D.Z.Li. A Clump B portion of young culm with culm sheath C new shoot D flowering branches E glume F lemma G palea H floret I pistil J ovary.
FIGURE 3 in Chusquea yungasensis (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new species of woody bamboo from South America and the first record of subgenus Rettbergia in Bolivia
FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Chusquea yungasensis.
Figure 1 in Action of the saproxylic scarab larva Cetonia aurataeformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniidae) on woody substrates
Figure 1. Cetonia aurataeformis (Photo: J. Ordoñez, with permission).
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