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FIGURE 5 in A new blind snake of the genus Letheobia (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from Rwanda with redescriptions of L. gracilis (Sternfeld, 1910) and L. graueri (Sternfeld, 1912) and the introduction of a non-invasive preparation procedure for scanning electron microscopy in zoology

FIGURE 5. Preserved holotypes of Letheobia gracilis (ZMB 22030, total length 465.4 mm; outside) and L. akagerae sp. nov. (ZFMK 100862, total length 457.5 mm; centre); showing the extreme elongation in the new species.

FIGURE 2 in A new blind snake of the genus Letheobia (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from Rwanda with redescriptions of L. gracilis (Sternfeld, 1910) and L. graueri (Sternfeld, 1912) and the introduction of a non-invasive preparation procedure for scanning electron microscopy in zoology

FIGURE 2. SEM images of lateral view of the head of the holotype of Letheobia gracilis (ZMB 22030; top), the holotype of L. akagerae sp. nov. (ZFMK 100862, centre), and a specimen of L. graueri (ZFMK 63138, bottom).

FIGURE 1 in A new blind snake of the genus Letheobia (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from Rwanda with redescriptions of L. gracilis (Sternfeld, 1910) and L. graueri (Sternfeld, 1912) and the introduction of a non-invasive preparation procedure for scanning electron microscopy in zoology

FIGURE 1. SEM images of head scalation of the holotype of Letheobia gracilis (ZMB 22030; left), the holotype of L. akagerae sp. nov. (ZFMK 100862, centre), and a specimen of L. graueri (ZFMK 63138, right), showing the dorsal side (top row) and the ventral side (bottom row).

FIGURE 3 in A new blind snake of the genus Letheobia (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from Rwanda with redescriptions of L. gracilis (Sternfeld, 1910) and L. graueri (Sternfeld, 1912) and the introduction of a non-invasive preparation procedure for scanning electron microscopy in zoology

FIGURE 3. SEM images showing details of the scale pits in (A) the holotype of Letheobia graueri (ZMB 27161) and (B) the holotype of L. gracilis (ZMB 22030).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Dataset: Language and semantic processing in blind and sighted individuals. A simulation study

------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- 1. Title of Dataset       Dataset_SimulationsOutput_BlindvsSightedModels      2. Author Information This dataset is being made public to act as supplementary data for publication. Running title:  R. Tomasello, M. Garagnani, T. Wennekers, and F. Pulvermüller, Recruitment of visual cortex for language processing in blind individuals is explained by Hebbian learning.   Corresponding author:         Name:             Rosario Tomasello          Institution:     Brain Language Laboratory, Freie Universität Berlin         Address:         Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin         Email:             Tomasello.r@fu-berlin.de -------------------------- RESEARCH PROJECT & METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION -------------------------- The data were generated by a neurobiologically constrained cortex model of the fronto-temporal-occipital lobes applied to simulate word meaning acquisition of object- and action-related words in action and perception system under undeprived and visually deprived conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate how and why the visual system is recruited for language processing in blind individuals, as documented by neurocognitive empirical experiments. The files listed above shows the cell assemblies (CA) distributions across the different cortical areas spontaneously emerged as a result of Hebbian learning. For more information about the general features of the model see our previous publications: R. Tomasello, M. Garagnani, T. Wennekers, and F. Pulvermüller, (2018) A Neurobiologically Constrained Cortex Model of Semantic Grounding With Spiking Neurons and Brain-Like Connectivity, Front. Comput. Neurosci., vol. 12, p. 88. M. Garagnani, G. Lucchese, R. Tomasello, T. Wennekers, and F. Pulvermüller, (2017) A Spiking Neurocomputational Model of High-Frequency Oscillatory Brain Responses to Words and Pseudowords, Front. Comput. Neurosci., vol. 10, no. January, pp. 1–19. --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- 1. File List         Filename: CA_Structure_Blind VS SightedModel.xlsx (size 150KB)           The excel file includes the cell assembly (CA) distributions of the learnt action and object words of both sighted and blind models along with their CA structure comparisons and the related figures.               Folders: Raw_Data_SightedModel (size 6KB) & Raw_Data_BlindModel (size 6KB)        These folders include the raw data output of the CA structure of the 13 sighted and 13 blind simulated models after word meaning acquisition.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Fibre Identification Blind Test dataset: Images of longitudinal and cross-section views of hemp, nettle, and flax fibres

Dataset produced by Denis Waudby while undertaking analysis of a sample of fibres presented to him as a blind test of a new fibre identification methodology designed to reduce subjectivity in fibre identification protocols for distinguishing bast fibres (specifically Hemp, Nettle, and Flax)

FIG. 10 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 10. Distributions of valid species of Xyliphius based on museum specimens and literature accounts (Alonso de Arámburu and Arámburu, 1962; Orcés, 1962; Taphorn and Marrero, 1993; Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005; Figueiredo and Britto, 2010; Ohara and Zuanon, 2013). Black triangles ¼ X. kryptos; white triangles ¼ X. magdalenae; white circles ¼ X. melanopterus; black circles ¼ X. lepturus; star ¼ X. sofiae; black squares ¼ X. barbatus; white diamonds ¼ X. anachoretes; circles half black, half white mark localities where X. melanopterus and X. lepturus were collected together.

FIG. 7 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 7. HRXCT model of suspensorium plus lower jaw (A) and hyoid arch (B–C) of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, 44.1 mm SL. ach: anterior ceratohyal; ang: anguloarticular; br: branchiostegal rays; den: dentary; en: endopterygoid; hyo: hyomandibula; ih: interhyal; iop: interopercle; mc: mandibular canal tubules; met: metapterygoid; op: opercle; pch: posterior ceratohyal; pop: preopercle; qu: quadrate; ret: retroarticular; sup: suprapreopercle; uh: urohyal; vh: ventral hypohyal. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 4 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 4. HRXCT model of skull and anterior body of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view of left side. ang: anguloarticular; at: antorbital tubule; br: branchiostegal rays; cl: cleithrum; co: scapulocoracoid; cv: complex vertebrae; den: dentary; en: endopterygoid; epo: epioccipital; ex: extrascapular; fr: frontal; hyo: hyomandibula; ih: interhyal; io1: infraorbital 1; iop: interopercle; iot: infraorbital tubules; lal: lateral line tubules; let: lateral ethmoid; mc: mandibular canal tubules; mes: mesethmoid; met: metapterygoid; mnp: middle nuchal plate; mx: maxilla; na: nasal; op: opercle; pal: autopalatine; pch: posterior ceratohyal; pfr: pectoral-fin rays; pmx: premaxilla; po: preopercle; ps: pectoral-fin spine; pto: pterotic; pv5: parapophysis of vertebra five; qu: quadrate; rad: pectoral-fin radial; rb6: rib six; ret: retroarticular; sc: posttemporal-supracleithrum; soc: supraoccipital; spo: sphenotic; sup: suprapreopercle; v6: vertebrae six. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 3. Ventral view of head. (A) Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. (B) X. melanopterus, FMNH 99495, 120.4 mm SL. (C) X. lepturus, ANSP 128941, 94.5 mm SL. (D) X. barbatus, MLP 6798, 92.0 mm SL. Photos by M. Sabaj.

FIG. 8 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 8. HRXCT model of branchial arches (A–B, left side, dorsal view, anterior up), and 5th ceratobranchial of cleared and stained specimens (left side, dorsal view, anterior up). (A) Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 2 mm). (B) Unobscured dorsal view of 5th ceratobranchial in ANSP 182322 (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). (C) Xyliphius lepturus, FMNH 99488, 72.1 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). (D) Xyliphius melanopterus, FMNH 99493, 81.9 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). bb: basibranchial; cb: ceratobranchial; cb5: ceratobranchial five; eb: epibranchial; hb: hypobranchial; pb: pharyngobranchial; tp: tooth patch.

FIG. 2 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 2. Lateral view of select species of Xyliphius. (A) X. barbatus, MLP 6798, holotype, 92.0 mm SL. (B) X. lepturus, ANSP 128941, 94.5 mm SL. (C) X. magdalenae, CZUT-IC 1288, 75 mm SL. (D) X. melanopterus, FMNH 99495, 120.4 mm SL. (E) X. kryptos, MCNG 27310, 112.0 mm SL. Photos by M. Sabaj (A), T. Carvalho (B, E), J. Garcia-Melo (C), and A. Thomaz (D).

FIG. 6 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 6. HRXCT model of select bones in Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. Bones associated with the anterior cephalic canals of the lateral line system (anterior is left) in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. Entire lateral ethmoid (anterior is left) in ventral (C) and frontal (D) view. (E) Partial lateral ethmoid in dorsal view cut to about half of its depth (anterior is left). (F) Partial lateral ethmoid in frontal view cut to about vertical through origin of lateral process. at: antorbital tubule; i1–i6: infraorbital branches one to six; io1: infraorbital one; iot: infraorbital tubules; lp: lateral process of lateral ethmoid; na: nasal; obc: olfactory bulb chamber; s1–s3: supraorbital branches one to three. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 1. Holotype of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, 44.1 mm SL, Río Amazonas in vicinity of Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. (A–C) Alcohol preserved (scale bar ¼ 5 mm). (D) Live. Photos by M. Sabaj.

FIG. 9 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 9. Ventral view of Weberian complex in select species of Xyliphius (anterior is top). (A) X. lepturus, FMNH 99488, 72.1 mm SL. (B) X. melanopterus, FMNH 99493, 81.9 mm SL. (C) Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, 44.1 mm SL. cv: complex vertebra; gbc: gas bladder chamber (line points to portion encapsulated by bone in B); hc: hemal canal; in: intercalarium; lal: lateral line tubules; pcv: parapophysis complex vertebra; pv5: parapophysis vertebra five; r6: rib 6; sc: scaphium; tr: tripus; v6: vertebra six. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation enhances motor score and gait recovery in incomplete spinal cord injury. A double-blind randomized controlled trial

Background: Although transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has been suggested as a safe and feasible intervention for gait rehabilitation, no studies have determined its effectiveness compared to sham stimulation. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of tSCS combined with robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) on lower limb muscle strength and walking function in incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) participants. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was designed. Twenty-seven subacute iSCI participants were randomly allocated to tSCS or sham-tSCS group. The intervention consisted of 20 sessions of standard Lokomat walking training enhanced with tSCS. Primary outcomes were the lower extremity motor score (LEMS) and dynamometry. Secondary outcomes included the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the 6-Minute Walk test (6MWT), the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III) and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI-II). Assessments were performed before and after the intervention and at 1-month follow-up. Results: Although no significant differences between groups were detected after the intervention, the tSCS group showed greater effects than the sham-tSCS group for LEMS (3.4 points; p=0.033), 10MWT (37.5s; p=0.030), TUG (47.7s; p=0.009), and WISCI-II (3.4 points; p=0.023) at the 1-month follow-up. Furthermore, the percentage of subjects who were able to walk at the follow-up was greater in the tSCS group (85.7%) compared to the sham group (43.1%; p=0.029). Conclusions: The combination of standard RAGT with tSCS for 20 sessions was effective for LEMS and gait recovery in subacute iSCI participants after one month of follow-up. Key words: Spinal cord injury; Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation; Lokomat; Robotic-assisted gait training; Motor function; Gait rehabilitation.

Figure 1 in Old views and new insights: taxonomic revision of the Bukovina blind mole rat, Spalax graecus (Rodentia: Spalacinae)

Figure 1. Distribution of Spalax species (capitals) and the geographic origin of the investigated tissue samples (numerals). Distribution areas are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List maps, Chis¸amera et al. (2013), and our own data. A, Spalax uralensis; B, Spalax giganteus; C, Spalax microphthalmus; D, Spalax arenarius; E, Spalax zemni; F, Spalax graecus s.s.; G, Spalax antiquus; H, Spalax istricus. 1, Novomoszkovsz; 2, Krivij Rig; 3, Kherson Province; 4, Tzurupinsk District; 5, David Valley, Iasi; 6, Dealul lui Dumnezeu; 7, Budes¸ti; 8, Aiton; 9, Sândules¸ti.

Figure 4. Maximum-likelihood tree reconstructed from a 4507 in Old views and new insights: taxonomic revision of the Bukovina blind mole rat, Spalax graecus (Rodentia: Spalacinae)

Figure 4. Maximum-likelihood tree reconstructed from a 4507-bp alignment of six mitochondrial sequencesof Spalax species [cytochrome b, NADH1, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, tRNA-Leu (UUR), tRNA-Val]. Acomys cahirinus and Nannospalax judaei were used as out-groups. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together (after 10 000 replications) is shown next to the branches. The bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 5 in Old views and new insights: taxonomic revision of the Bukovina blind mole rat, Spalax graecus (Rodentia: Spalacinae)

Figure 5. Dorsal view of skull of Spalax graecus s.s. (topotype from Chernovcy, Ukraine, ZMUAS 32). Abbreviations: f, frontal bone; p, parietal bone; pm, premaxilla; n, nasal bone.

Figure 3 in Old views and new insights: taxonomic revision of the Bukovina blind mole rat, Spalax graecus (Rodentia: Spalacinae)

Figure 3. Maximum-likelihood tree reconstructed from an 844-bp alignment of cytochrome b sequences of Spalax species. Acomys cahirinus and Nannospalax judaei were used as out-groups. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together (after 10 000 replications) is shown next to the branches. The bar represents the number of substitutions per site.