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2,960 results for “elements”
Cyclic tensile-compressive tests on thin concrete boundary elements with a single layer of reinforcement prone to out-of-plane instability
<p>The growing need for residential housing in Latin American countries has led to the construction of reinforced concrete buildings with wall thicknesses as low as 8-10 cm. Such walls have typically only a single layer of vertical rebars and are therefore particularly susceptible to out-of-plane failure. To investigate the response of the corresponding wall boundary elements, twelve reinforced concrete columns with a single layer of vertical rebars were tested under tension-compression cycles. The objective of this test series was to gain insights into parameters triggering wall instability and out-of-plane failure. The experimental tests investigate the effect of thickness, reinforcement ratio, and eccentricity of the longitudinal rebars with respect to the element axis. This paper summarises the results of the test campaign. The specimen response is analysed at the global and local level, and the influence of the crack pattern on the out-of-plane response of the column and the conditions leading to out-of-plane failure are described. Furthermore, the differences between members with a single layer of vertical rebars to members with two layers are discussed. The influence on the response of the parameters analysed in the experimental campaign is addressed, showing that section with small thickness and large reinforcement content are more prone to out-of-plane failures. Finally, the predictions of existing models are compared to the new experimental data. The entire data set is publically available.</p>
Results for paper "Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians"
<p>Results for paper "Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians"</p>
Target-ligand binding affinity from single point enthalpy calculation and elemental composition
<p>This repository contains supporting files for the manuscript entitled: Target-ligand binding affinity from single point enthalpy calculation and elemental composition.</p>
Carbonate chemistry changes following iron and steel slags dissolution in seawater for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, and measured dissolution of potentially toxic elements.
<p>Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a carbon capture strategy that has gained interest over the past years. This strategy relies on the dissolution of alkaline minerals to increase the alkalinity of the ocean, among which iron and steel slags are potential candidates. However, their dissolution in seawater as well as the leaching of potentially toxic elements is unknown. These data were collected as part of a research article that assess the alkalinity generation potential of iron and steel slags in MilliQ and seawater, as well as the dissolution of potentially toxic elements. The dataset is composed of various sheets, each of them reporting data from a specific experiment. For each experiment, the analysis details (instrument used, parameters analysed etc) are provided on each individual sheet, and an overview one regroups the main aims of this research as well as the technical terms used throughout.</p>
Data for: The suppression of a selfish genetic element increases a male's mating success in a fly
<p>X chromosome meiotic drive (XCMD) kills Y-bearing sperm during spermatogenesis, leading to the biased transmission of the selfish X chromosome. Despite this strong transmission, some natural XCMD systems remain at low and stable frequencies, rather than rapidly spreading through populations. The reason may be that male carriers can have reduced fitness, as they lose half of their sperm, only produce daughters, and may carry deleterious alleles associated with XCMD. Thus, females may benefit from avoiding mating with male carriers, yielding a further reduction in fitness. Genetic suppressors of XCMD, which block the killing of Y sperm and restore fair Mendelian inheritance, are also common and could prevent the spread of XCMD. However, whether suppressed males are as fit as a wild-type male remains an open question, and the effect that genetic suppressors may have on a male's mating success is rarely considered. Here, we investigate the mating ability of XCMD males and suppressed XCMD males in comparison to wild-type males in the fruit fly <em>Drosophila subobscura</em>, where drive remains at a stable frequency of 20% in wild populations where it occurs. We use both competitive and non-competitive mating trials to evaluate male mating success in this system. We found no evidence that unsuppressed XCMD males were discriminated against. Remarkably, however, their suppressed XCMD counterparts had a higher male mating success compared to wild-type controls. Unsuppressed XCMD males suffered 12% lower offspring production in comparison to wild-type males. This cost appears too weak to counter the transmission advantage of XCMD, and thus the factors preventing the spread of XCMD remain unclear.</p>
Data from: high repeat content in the genomes of sparrows: the importance of genome assembly completeness for transposable element discovery
<p>Transposable elements (TE) play critical roles in shaping genome evolution. However, the highly repetitive sequence content of TEs is a major source of assembly gaps. This makes it difficult to decipher the impact of these elements on the dynamics of genome evolution. The increased capacity of long-read sequencing technologies to span highly repetitive regions of the genome should provide novel insights into patterns of TE diversity. Here we report the generation of highly contiguous reference genomes using PacBio long read and Omni-C technologies for three species of sparrows in the family Passerellidae. To assess the influence of sequencing technology on TE annotation, we compared these assemblies to three chromosome-level sparrow assemblies recently generated by the Vertebrate Genomes Project and nine other sparrow species generated using a variety of short- and long-read technologies. All long-read based assemblies were longer in length (range: 1.12-1.41 Gb) than short-read assemblies (0.91-1.08 Gb). Assembly length was strongly correlated with the amount of repeat content, with longer genomes showing much higher levels of repeat content than typically reported for the avian order Passeriformes. Repeat content for the Bell's sparrow (31.2% of genome) was the highest level reported to date for a songbird genome assembly and was more in line with woodpecker (order Piciformes) genomes. CR1 LINE elements retained from an expansion that occurred 25-30 million years ago were the most abundant TEs in the song sparrow genome. Although the other five sparrow species also exhibit evidence for a spike in CR1 LINE activity at 25-30 million years ago, LTR elements stemming from more recent expansions were the most abundant elements in these species. LTRs were uniquely abundant in the Bell's sparrow genome deriving from two recent peaks of activity. Higher levels of repeat content (79.2-93.7%) were found on the W chromosome relative to the Z (20.7-26.5) or autosomes (16.1-30.9%). These patterns support a dynamic model of transposable element expansion and contraction underpinning the seemingly constrained and small sized genomes of birds. Our work highlights how the resolution of difficult-to-assemble regions of the genome with new sequencing technologies promises to transform our understanding of avian genome evolution.</p>
Data from: Abiotic legacies mediate plant-soil feedback during early vegetation succession on rare earth element mine tailings
<p>An increasing number of studies have shown how feedback interactions between plants and soil can influence primary and secondary succession. However, very little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of such plant-soil feedbacks on stressed mine tailings ecosystem, which can be severely contaminated by a range of toxic elements. </p> <p>In a two-phase plant-soil feedback experiment based on the rare earth element (REE) mine tailing soil, we investigated biotic (changes in bacterial and fungal community) and abiotic legacies (changes in chemical properties) of three pioneer grass species, and examined feedback effects of three grasses, two legumes and two woody plants with different root traits.</p> <p>Positive plant-soil feedback was found in Miscanthus sinensis, Paspalum thunbergii and Tephrosia candida, and neutral feedback was observed in other four plants. These effects corresponded with an increase of nutrients and total organic carbon, as well as a decrease of acidity and extractable aluminum and REEs. There were less signs of biotic changes in the conditioned tailings. </p> <p>The correlation analysis suggested a relationship between responses to soil legacies and root traits, as well as root economics spectrum. On the mine tailings, acquisitive species with higher specific root length appeared to have greater potential for positive feedback. </p> <p>Synthesis and application: Our study shows that early succession on contaminated REE mine tailings may lead to more positive plant-soil feedback than predicted based on results of non-contaminated soils, mainly due to the alleviation of abiotic stress in tailings. Therefore, the improvement of specific abiotic soil stress and the trait-based selection of acquisitive plants should be preferentially considered to promote the primary restoration of degraded land.</p>
The structure of a tetrameric septin complex reveals a hydrophobic element essential for NC-interface integrity
<p>The septins of the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> assemble into hetero-octameric rods by alternating interactions between neighboring G-domains or N- and C-termini, respectively. These rods polymerize end to end into apolar filaments, forming a ring beneath the prospective new bud that expands during the cell cycle into an hourglass structure. The hourglass finally splits during cytokinesis into a double ring. Understanding these transitions as well as the plasticity of the higher order assemblies requires a detailed knowledge of the underlying structures.Here we present the first X-ray crystal structure of a tetrameric Shs1-Cdc12-Cdc3-Cdc10 complex at a resolution of 3.2 Å. Close inspection of the NC-interfaces of this and other septin structures reveals a conserved contact motif that is essential for NC-interface integrity of yeast and human septins <i>in</i> <i>vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Using the tetrameric structure as a template allowed AlphaFold-Multimer to propose a model of the octameric septin rod. </p>
Cairo street Elements
"The Streets of Cairo, also known for several other titles (see below), is a popular melody associated with belly dancing and the Middle East in general. As it is not protected by copyright, the melody appears in several songs, cartoons and other works from the twentieth century. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: LHFPL5 is a key element to the gating spring of cochlear hair cells: comparison of mechanotransduction channel activation in presence or absence of LHFPL5
<p>During auditory transduction, sound-evoked vibrations of the hair cell stereociliary bundles open mechanotransducer (MET) ion channels via tip links extending from one stereocilium to its neighbor. How tension in the tip link is delivered to the channel is not fully understood. The MET channel comprises a pore-forming subunit, transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC1 or TMC2), aided by several accessory proteins, including LHFPL5 (lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5). We investigated the role of LHFPL5 in transduction by comparing MET channel activation in outer hair cells of <em>Lhfpl5-/- </em>knockout mice with those in <em>Lhfpl5+/-</em> heterozygotes. The 10-90 percent working range of transduction in <em>Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5+/-</em> was 52 nm, from which the single-channel gating force, Z was evaluated as 0.34 pN. However, in <em>Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5‑/- </em>mice,<em> </em>the<em> </em>working range increased to 123 nm and Z more than halved to 0.13 pN, indicating reduced sensitivity. Tip link tension is thought to activate the channel via a gating spring, whose stiffness is inferred from the stiffness change on tip link destruction. The gating stiffness was ~40 percent of the total bundle stiffness in wild-type but was virtually abolished in <em>Lhfpl5-/-,</em> implicating LHFPL5 as a principal component of the gating spring. The mutation <em>Tmc1 </em>p.D569N reduced the LHFPL5 immunolabeling in the stereocilia and like <em>Lhfpl5-/-</em> doubled the MET working range but other deafness mutations had no effect on the dynamic range. We conclude that tip-link tension is transmitted to the channel primarily via LHFPL5; residual activation without LHFPL5 may occur by direct interaction between PCDH15 and TMC1.</p>
Evolutionary changes of non-coding elements associated with transition of sexual mode in Caenorhabditis nematodes
<p>The transition of the sexual mode occurs widely in animal evolution. In Caenorhabditis nematodes, androdioecy, a sexual polymorphism composed of males and hermaphrodites having the ability to self-fertilize, has evolved independently multiple times. Although regulatory elements in non-coding regions are likely involved in the evolution of hermaphroditism, their contribution to the transition of sexual mode is ambiguous. Here, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) focusing on the evolution of hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis nematodes. We found that, in androdioecious nematodes, mutations rapidly accumulated in CNEs neighboring genes associated with sexual traits. Expression analysis indicate that the identified CNEs are involved in spermatogenesis in hermaphrodites and associated with the transition of gene expression from dioecious to androdioecious nematodes. Finally, genome editing of a CNE neighboring laf-1 resulted in a change in its expression in the gonadal region undergoing spermatogenesis. Our bioinformatic and experimental analyses highlight the importance of CNEs to the transition of sexual mode.</p>
Annotated UI Element Dataset for Desktop Environments
<p>Introducing a specialized dataset containing high-resolution screenshots from various desktop environments, focusing on annotating individual UI components. This dataset is designed to enhance the accuracy of UI element identification and classification within desktop applications, enabling the extraction of hierarchical structures.</p> <p><strong><em>Desktop UI Detection Dataset.zip</em></strong></p> <p>This resource contains a set of 100 general-purpose screenshots intended for the training set.</p> <p><strong><em>Test Desktop UI Detection Dataset.zip</em></strong></p> <p>This resource is aimed at evaluating the models trained with the previous screenshots, using a set of captures from a specific business process.</p> <p>The images have been organized into six groups (G), each representing a unique set of screenshots from the same type of application. These groups are distinguished by their levels of complexity and the depth of their UI hierarchies:</p> <ul> <li>G1: PDF Reader. A combination of web and native applications for interacting with PDF documents.</li> <li>G2: Public Administration Courses Manager. A web-based application used in the student admission process for public learning programs (these images are not provided due to privacy issues concerning the business process).</li> <li>G3: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System. A web-based application for managing business data.</li> <li>G4: Email Client. A mix of web and native applications used for managing email communications.</li> <li>G5: File Explorer. A native application for navigating the file system in Windows.</li> <li>G6: Learning Management System (LMS). A web-based application used to manage courses and students for a given educational institution.</li> </ul> <p>Two folders are provided, each containing all the groups mentioned. These folders represent captures with the application from the corresponding group in fullscreen, or captures with the application from the corresponding group overlapping another application randomly selected from one of the remaining groups (Overlapped).</p>
Supplemental data and figures behind: Atom scale element and isotopic investigation of 25Mg-rich stardust from a H-burning supernova
<p>We have discovered a presolar olivine from ALH 77307 with the highest <sup>25</sup>Mg isotopic composition measured in a silicate to date (δ<sup>25</sup>Mg = 3025.1‰ ± 38.3‰).<strong> </strong>Its isotopic compositions challenge current stellar models, with modelling of Mg, Si and O showing a closest match to formation in a supernova where hydrogen ingestion occurred in the pre-supernova phase. Presolar grains within primitive astromaterials retain records of processes and environmental changes throughout stellar evolution. However, accessing these records has proved challenging due to the average grain size (~150 nm) of presolar silicates, their sensitivity to extraction agents and instrumental restrictions, limiting the range of isotopic and chemical signatures which can be studied per grain volume. Here, we present the first known detailed, geochemical study of a presolar silicate from a H-burning supernova, studied in 3D without contributions to the analysis volume and at unprecedented spatial resolutions (< 1 nm), essential for constraining physical and chemical processes occurring within this recently proposed stellar environment. From our results, we infer either; [1] condensation within an environment depleted of heavy elements compatible with the olivine lattice under the pressure and temperature conditions during condensation. [2] during periods of limited mixing either near the end of the pre-supernova phase or from a collapse so rapid localised pockets of different gas compositions formed.</p>
Table S1 The grain size, TOC and elemental composition of sediment samples in the northern South China Sea
<p><span>Grain size measurements of the sediments were carried out on a Mastersizer 3000 laser particle size analyzer</span><span>. Prior to analysis organic matter was removed by leaching the sediment with 15% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Total organic carbon (TOC) of the sediments was measured in </span><span>Thermo EA-IsoLink elemental analyzer</span><span>. Prior to analysis carbon bound to carbonate minerals was removed by leaching the sediment with 10% HCl. Total element concentrations (Al, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn) of the bulk sediments were measured after acid digestion (HF, HNO<sub>3</sub> and HCl) by </span><span>Thermo iCAP 7400 ICP-OES</span><span>. Solid phase iron speciation data were measured following sequential Fe extraction (Fe<sub>carb</sub>, Fe<sub>ox</sub>, Fe<sub>mag</sub>, Fe<sub>py</sub>) by T</span><span>hermo iCAP 7400 ICP-OES</span><span>.</span></p>
Animations of vibration modes obtained from finite element simulations performed on the skull of a juvenile gray whale
<p>The tympanoperiotic complex (TPC) plays a crucial role in whale hearing. It is a functional unit composed of three bony structures: the periotic (firmly embedded in the skull), the tympanic bulla (suspended from the skull on flexible suspensory pedicles), and the ossicular chain that connects the stapes footplate closing the oval window in the periotic with the tympanic [Mead 2009]. Hearing of mysticetes is ostensibly facilitated by the same mechanism as in most mammals: the ossicular chain is set in motion, and the stapes footplate consequently pushes on the cochlear fluid [Cranford 2018]. The ossicular chain connects the periotic bone, which houses the inner ear, with the bulla. Therefore, the most plausible mechanism for setting the ossicles in motion is a vibration of the bulla relative to the periotic bone. A juvenile gray whale head (LACM 97758) was acquired from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The specimen had been collected and transferred to a freezer soon after death, thereby preserving its fresh condition. The specimen underwent X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning in two phases, first intact with all tissues and subsequently after removal of soft tissues superficial to the skull, as described by Cranford [in preparation].</p>
GFDL AM2.1 Model Output -Changes in Monsoon Meteorological Elements Due to the Warming of the Tropical Indian Ocean
<p>Changes in Climatological Mean Stream Function, Eddy Flux, Wind Field, Moisture Flux, and Precipitation from May to September Due to the Warming of the Indian Ocean</p>
Molecular Dynamics Assessment of Fusion Relevant Elements Figures
<p>Figures for "Molecular Dynamics Assessment of Primary Damage Efficiency for Fusion Relevant Elements"</p>
APPENDIX 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 3. — Mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PEofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under chimpanzee-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>SPECIE</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0122</td><td>7.6599</td><td>4.2909</td><td>7.8345</td><td>11.4830</td><td>14.6530</td><td>0.0387</td><td>2.2794</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>5.7312</td><td>5.4881</td><td>3.0880</td><td>5.6170</td><td>8.2101</td><td>10.4363</td><td>0.0341</td><td>2.3483</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0771</td><td>7.7090</td><td>4.3233</td><td>7.8865</td><td>11.5780</td><td>14.7960</td><td>0.0417</td><td>2.3024</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>5.8607</td><td>5.5899</td><td>3.1557</td><td>5.7215</td><td>8.3844</td><td>10.7170</td><td>0.0419</td><td>2.3534</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225743</td><td>7.5983</td><td>5.4469</td><td>3.0316</td><td>5.5620</td><td>11.3770</td><td>19.8150</td><td>0.7364</td><td>2.1135</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225743</td><td>5.3623</td><td>3.8494</td><td>2.1389</td><td>3.9323</td><td>8.0325</td><td>13.9420</td><td>0.7334</td><td>2.1536</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225720</td><td>7.6821</td><td>5.4907</td><td>3.0617</td><td>5.6072</td><td>11.4980</td><td>20.0690</td><td>0.7328</td><td>2.1222</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225689</td><td>5.5209</td><td>3.9340</td><td>2.1951</td><td>4.0167</td><td>8.2813</td><td>14.4290</td><td>0.7156</td><td>2.1020</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240469</td><td>7.5408</td><td>5.7398</td><td>3.1415</td><td>5.8463</td><td>10.7260</td><td>19.1300</td><td>1.6003</td><td>1.8559</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240461</td><td>5.3229</td><td>4.0535</td><td>2.2448</td><td>4.1316</td><td>7.5691</td><td>13.4480</td><td>1.5817</td><td>1.9264</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>7.6103</td><td>5.7887</td><td>3.1663</td><td>5.8917</td><td>10.8170</td><td>19.3540</td><td>1.6076</td><td>1.7799</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240460</td><td>5.4615</td><td>4.1433</td><td>2.2936</td><td>4.2210</td><td>7.7516</td><td>13.9010</td><td>1.6017</td><td>1.8739</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>327267</td><td>7.5848</td><td>6.5180</td><td>4.1315</td><td>6.6614</td><td>10.0078</td><td>15.9652</td><td>0.1499</td><td>2.2001</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>5.3112</td><td>4.5847</td><td>2.9071</td><td>4.6850</td><td>6.9811</td><td>11.1340</td><td>0.1473</td><td>2.1877</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>7.7032</td><td>6.5956</td><td>4.1665</td><td>6.7425</td><td>10.1980</td><td>16.2770</td><td>0.1521</td><td>2.2272</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>5.5459</td><td>4.7386</td><td>2.9746</td><td>4.8493</td><td>7.3571</td><td>11.7390</td><td>0.1536</td><td>2.3361</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>7.9291</td><td>6.5783</td><td>4.2297</td><td>6.7471</td><td>10.3643</td><td>18.0617</td><td>0.6350</td><td>2.5660</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>5.6296</td><td>4.6925</td><td>3.0326</td><td>4.8168</td><td>7.3231</td><td>12.7377</td><td>0.6308</td><td>2.6495</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199782</td><td>8.0098</td><td>6.6472</td><td>4.2716</td><td>6.8239</td><td>10.4630</td><td>18.2554</td><td>0.6575</td><td>2.6582</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199782</td><td>5.7884</td><td>4.8286</td><td>3.1119</td><td>4.9592</td><td>7.5206</td><td>13.1060</td><td>0.6481</td><td>2.7040</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1044</td><td>10.4260</td><td>6.1984</td><td>10.5940</td><td>16.2630</td><td>26.8950</td><td>0.1734</td><td>1.6114</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311431</td><td>8.6667</td><td>7.4740</td><td>4.4483</td><td>7.5885</td><td>11.6390</td><td>19.2340</td><td>0.1762</td><td>1.5325</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1825</td><td>10.4940</td><td>6.2322</td><td>10.6650</td><td>16.3650</td><td>27.0820</td><td>0.1744</td><td>1.6295</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>8.8241</td><td>7.6109</td><td>4.5179</td><td>7.7380</td><td>11.8330</td><td>19.6238</td><td>0.1753</td><td>1.6704</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 2. — Number of elements (N elements), mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PeofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under human-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>INDIVIDUAL</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225689</td><td>3.7540</td><td>2.6128</td><td>1.3997</td><td>2.6690</td><td>5.6844</td><td>10.0261</td><td>0.7130</td><td>2.1509</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225729</td><td>2.5238</td><td>1.7800</td><td>0.9680</td><td>1.8227</td><td>3.8100</td><td>6.6442</td><td>0.7309</td><td>2.3997</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225689</td><td>3.8349</td><td>2.6530</td><td>1.4269</td><td>2.7080</td><td>5.8135</td><td>10.2790</td><td>0.7100</td><td>2.0714</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240478</td><td>3.7401</td><td>2.7851</td><td>1.5604</td><td>2.8336</td><td>5.3814</td><td>9.6489</td><td>1.6161</td><td>1.7432</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240469</td><td>2.5277</td><td>1.8985</td><td>1.0995</td><td>1.9326</td><td>3.6118</td><td>6.4210</td><td>1.5858</td><td>1.7975</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>3.8275</td><td>2.8449</td><td>1.6271</td><td>2.8931</td><td>5.4883</td><td>9.8692</td><td>1.6163</td><td>1.6943</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240471</td><td>2.6708</td><td>1.9879</td><td>1.1443</td><td>2.0203</td><td>3.8108</td><td>6.8892</td><td>1.6184</td><td>1.6299</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160103</td><td>4.1812</td><td>3.9750</td><td>2.2535</td><td>4.0610</td><td>5.9939</td><td>7.6454</td><td>0.0015</td><td>2.1631</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>2.8698</td><td>2.7413</td><td>1.5694</td><td>2.8039</td><td>4.0960</td><td>5.1944</td><td>0.0004</td><td>2.2836</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160046</td><td>4.2475</td><td>4.0192</td><td>2.2864</td><td>4.1141</td><td>6.0832</td><td>7.7941</td><td>0.0148</td><td>2.3599</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>3.0042</td><td>2.8468</td><td>1.6410</td><td>2.9113</td><td>4.2753</td><td>5.4869</td><td>0.0164</td><td>2.2646</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>2.4440</td><td>2.1049</td><td>1.3316</td><td>2.1522</td><td>3.1882</td><td>5.1728</td><td>0.1482</td><td>2.2471</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>3.7738</td><td>3.1737</td><td>1.9572</td><td>3.2548</td><td>5.0131</td><td>8.1784</td><td>0.1610</td><td>2.5570</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>2.6870</td><td>2.2688</td><td>1.3987</td><td>2.3215</td><td>3.5807</td><td>5.7799</td><td>0.1603</td><td>2.3228</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>4.0409</td><td>3.3878</td><td>2.1630</td><td>3.4804</td><td>5.2597</td><td>9.1689</td><td>0.6450</td><td>2.7344</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>2.7519</td><td>2.3201</td><td>1.5089</td><td>2.3899</td><td>3.5526</td><td>6.1413</td><td>0.6300</td><td>3.0085</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199813</td><td>4.1216</td><td>3.4543</td><td>2.2075</td><td>3.5543</td><td>5.3691</td><td>9.3611</td><td>0.6596</td><td>2.8941</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199813</td><td>2.9129</td><td>2.4571</td><td>1.5893</td><td>2.5330</td><td>3.7670</td><td>6.5330</td><td>0.6369</td><td>3.0885</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311431</td><td>6.3313</td><td>5.4576</td><td>3.2272</td><td>5.5294</td><td>8.5269</td><td>14.0750</td><td>0.1785</td><td>1.3156</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311442</td><td>4.3431</td><td>3.7514</td><td>2.2259</td><td>3.8016</td><td>5.8425</td><td>9.6143</td><td>0.1738</td><td>1.3370</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>6.4105</td><td>5.5281</td><td>3.2583</td><td>5.6069</td><td>8.6284</td><td>14.2694</td><td>0.1767</td><td>1.4247</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>4.5087</td><td>3.9023</td><td>2.3007</td><td>3.9605</td><td>6.0438</td><td>10.0180</td><td>0.1783</td><td>1.4927</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 3. — Mesh characteristics for each one of the specimens.Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, volume of the cortical bone; <b>b</b>, volume of trabecular bone; <b>c</b>, number of elements used to create the mesh for each FE model.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Volume CB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>a</b></th><th><b>Volume TB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>b</b></th><th><b>N <b>elementsc</b></b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern human</th><td>1012.8</td><td>651.1</td><td>225729</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>733.3</td><td>662.6</td><td>240469</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1046.1</td><td>178.6</td><td>160103</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1642.9</td><td>577.9</td><td>225710</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>610.1</td><td>542.8</td><td>199857</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>250.7</td><td>65.9</td><td>311431</td></tr></tbody></table>
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