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841 results for “fruit flies”
Data from: Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds, fruit flies, parasitoid wasps, and seed-dispersing ants
Every organism on Earth must cope with a multitude of species interactions both directly and indirectly throughout its life cycle. However, how selection from multiple species occupying different trophic levels affects diffuse mutualisms has received little attention. As a result, how a given species amalgamates the combined effects of selection from multiple mutualists and antagonists to enhance its own fitness remains little understood. We investigated how multispecies interactions (frugivorous birds, ants, fruit flies, and parasitoid wasps) generate selection on fruit display traits in a seed dispersal mutualism. We used structural equation models to assess whether seed dispersers (frugivorous birds and ants) exerted phenotypic selection on fruit and seed traits in the Spiny Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), a fleshy-fruited tree, and how these selection regimes were influenced by fruit fly infestation and wasp parasitoidism levels. Birds exerted negative correlational selection on the combination of fruit crop size and mean seed weight, favoring either large crops with small seeds or small crops with large seeds. Parasitoids selected plants with higher fruit fly infestation levels, and fruit flies exerted positive directional selection on fruit size, which was positively correlated with seed weight. Therefore, higher parasitoidism indirectly correlated with higher plant fitness through increased bird fruit removal. In addition, ants exerted negative directional selection on mean seed weight. Our results show that strong selection on phenotypic traits may still arise in perceived diffuse species interactions. Overall, we emphasize the need to consider diverse direct and indirect partners to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms driving phenotypic trait evolution in multispecies interactions.
PLATE 2 in The fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Madeira archipelago with the description of a new Oedosphenella Frey
PLATE 2. Oedosphenella bob sp. n. in dorsal and lateral view. A. & C. male holotype; B. & D. female paratype. Scale bar indicates 1 mm.
Temperature-dependent competitive outcomes between the fruit flies Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba
<p>We use these data to test whether temperature can indirectly affect the fitness of <i>Drosophila santomea</i> and <i>D. yakuba</i> by altering interspecific competitive outcomes. We show that, when raised in isolation, both <i>D. santomea</i> and <i>D. yakuba</i> display similar variation in relative fitness across temperatures of 18°C, 22°C, and 25°C. However, <i>D. santomea</i> has higher fitness than <i>D. yakuba</i> when experiencing interspecific competition at 18°C, while the inverse is true at 25°C. Patterns of fitness across thermal and competitive environments therefore indicate that the outcome of interspecific competition varies with temperature. We then use a 'coexistence' experiment to show that <i>D. santomea</i> is rapidly (within 8 generations) extirpated when maintained with <i>D. yakuba</i> at 25°C. By contrast, <i>D. santomea</i> remains as (or more) abundant than <i>D. yakuba</i> over the course of ~10 generations when maintained at 18°C. Results provide an example of how the thermal environment can affect interspecific competition and suggest that some species may become more prone to extinction under scenarios of climate change through indirect effects of the thermal environment on competitive advantages between species.</p>
Data from: Testing evolutionary explanations for the lifespan benefit of dietary restriction in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
<p>Dietary restriction (DR), limiting calories or specific nutrients without malnutrition, extends lifespan across diverse taxa. Traditionally, this lifespan extension has been explained as a result of diet-mediated changes in the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction, with survival favoured when resources are scarce. However, a recently proposed alternative suggests that the selective benefit of the response to DR is the maintenance of reproduction. This hypothesis predicts that lifespan extension is a side effect of benign laboratory conditions, and DR individuals would be frailer and unable to deal with additional stressors, and thus lifespan extension should disappear under more stressful conditions. We tested this by rearing outbred female fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) on 10 different protein:carbohydrate diets. Flies were either infected with a bacterial pathogen (<i>Pseudomonas entomophila</i>), injured with a sterile pinprick or unstressed. We monitored lifespan, fecundity and measures of ageing. DR extended lifespan and reduced reproduction irrespective of injury and infection. Infected flies on lower protein diets had particularly poor survival. Exposure to infection and injury did not substantially alter the relationship between diet and ageing patterns. These results do not provide support for lifespan extension under DR being a side effect of benign laboratory conditions.</p>
Optimized composite microspheres containing spinosad and an attractant for control of a fruit fly pest
<p>These original data and analysis graph are for the manuscript titled "<strong>Optimized composite microspheres containing spinosad and an attractant for control of a fruit fly pest</strong>". If readers are interested in this paper, you can email to me and discuss the result. Also, we wecolme the coopertion on the fruit fly control program and techniques. </p>
FIGURES 9–17. 9–11 in Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil
FIGURES 9–17. 9–11, Head: 9, Spalangia endius; 10, Spalangia gemina; 11, Spalangia simplex. 12–14, Pro- and mesonotum (arrows at pronotal sculpturing): 12, S. endius; 13, S. gemina; 14, S. simplex (arrow at median pit of mesoscutum). 15–17, Fore wing: 15, S. simplex; 16, Trichopria sp. aff. anastrephae; 17, Coptera haywardi (adapted from Loiácono 1981). (bar = 0.2 mm)
FIGURES 1–8. 1, 2 in Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil
FIGURES 1–8. 1, 2, Trichopria sp. aff. anastrephae, head; 3, Spalangia simplex, head; 4, 5, Tetrastichus giffardianus: 4, mesosoma dorsal and 5, fore wing; 6–8, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae: 6, head, 7, mesosoma dorsal and 8, fore wing. Arrows indicating: point of insertion of the antenna (Figs 1–3, 6); submedian grooves on scutellum (Fig. 4); thickened marginal vein (Fig. 8). (bar = 0.1 mm)
Data from: Behavioral evidence for fruit odor discrimination and sympatric host races of Rhagoletis pomonella flies in the western United States
The recent shift of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its native host downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced domesticated apple, Malus domestica, in the eastern U.S. is a model for sympatric host race formation. However, the fly is also present in the western U.S., where it may have been introduced via infested apples within the last 60 years. In addition to apple, R. pomonella also infests two hawthorns in the West, one the native black hawthorn, C. douglasii, and the other the introduced English ornamental hawthorn, C. monogyna. Here, we test for behavioral evidence of host races in the western U.S. through flight tunnel assays of western R. pomonella flies to host fruit volatile blends. We report that western apple, black hawthorn, and ornamental hawthorn flies showed significantly increased levels of upwind directed flight to their respective natal compared to non-natal fruit volatile blends, consistent with host race status. We discuss the implications of the behavioral results for the origin(s) of western R. pomonella, including the possibility that western apple flies were not introduced, but may represent a recent shift from local hawthorn fly populations.
Plasticity in male mating behavior modulates female life-history in fruit flies
In many species, intense male-male competition for the opportunity to sire offspring has led to the evolution of selfish reproductive traits that are harmful to the females they mate with. In the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, males modulate their reproductive behavior based on the perceived intensity of competition in their pre-mating environment. Specifically, males housed with other males subsequently transfer a larger ejaculate during a longer mating compared to males housed alone. While the potential fitness benefits to males from such plasticity are clear, its effects on females are mostly unknown. Hence we tested the long-term consequences to females from mating with males with distinct social experiences. First, we verified that competitive experience influences male mating behaviour and found that males housed with rivals subsequently have shorter mating latencies and longer mating durations. Then, we exposed females every other day for 20 days to males that were either housed alone or with rivals and subsequently measured their fitness. We found that females mated to males housed with rivals produce more offspring early in life but fewer offspring later in life and have shorter lifespans but similar intrinsic population growth rates. These results indicate that plasticity in male mating behavior can influence female life-histories by altering females' relative allocation to early vs late investment in reproduction and survival.
Data from: Transgenerational plasticity following a dual pathogen and stress challenge in fruit flies
Background: Phenotypic plasticity operates across generations, when the parental environment affects phenotypic expression in the offspring. Recent studies in invertebrates have reported transgenerational plasticity in phenotypic responses of offspring when the mothers had been previously exposed to either live or heat-killed pathogens. Understanding whether this plasticity is adaptive requires a factorial design in which both mothers and their offspring are subjected to either the pathogen challenge or a control, in experimentally matched and mismatched combinations. Most prior studies exploring the capacity for pathogen-mediated transgenerational plasticity have, however, failed to adopt such a design. Furthermore, it is currently poorly understood whether the magnitude or direction of pathogen-mediated transgenerational responses will be sensitive to environmental heterogeneity. Here, we explored the transgenerational consequences of a dual pathogen and stress challenge administered in the maternal generation in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Prospective mothers were assigned to a non-infectious pathogen treatment consisting of an injection with heat-killed bacteria or a procedural control, and a stress treatment consisting of sleep deprivation or control. Their daughters and sons were similarly assigned to the same pathogen treatment, prior to measurement of their reproductive success. Results: We observed transgenerational interactions involving pathogen treatments of mothers and their offspring, on the reproductive success of daughters but not sons. These interactions were unaffected by sleep deprivation. Conclusions: The direction of the transgenerational effects was not consistent with that predicted under a scenario of adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Instead, they were indicative of expectations based on terminal investment.
Data from: Overexpression of an antioxidant enzyme improves male mating performance after stress in a lek-mating fruit fly
In many species, courtship displays are reliable signals of male quality, and current hypotheses suggest that mitochondrial function is a key mechanism underlying these condition-dependent traits. Environmental stressors generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that impair mitochondrial function, and thus antioxidant pathways that remove ROS are likely critical for preserving complex sexual behaviors. Here, we test the hypothesis that enhanced antioxidant activity in mitochondria preserves mating performance following oxidative stress. Using a transgenic approach, we directly manipulated mitochondrial antioxidant activity in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, a lek-mating species with elaborate sexual displays and intense sexual selection that is also a model for Sterile Insect Technique programs. We generated seven transgenic lines that overexpress mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Radiation is a severe oxidative stressor used commonly to induce sterility for sterile insect programs. After radiation treatment, two lines with intermediate MnSOD overexpression showed enhanced mating performance relative to wild-type males. These improvements in mating corresponded with reduced oxidative damage to lipids, demonstrating that MnSOD overexpression protects flies from oxidative stress at the cellular level. For lines with improved mating performance, overexpression also preserved locomotor activity, as indicated by a laboratory climbing assay. Our results show a clear link between oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and male performance. Our work has implications both for fundamentally understanding the role of mitochondrial antioxidants in sexual selection and shows promise for using transgenic approaches to enhance the field performance of insects released for area-wide pest management strategies and improving performance of biological control agents in general.
Data from: Cost of reproduction in the Queensland fruit fly: Y-model vs. lethal protein hypothesis
The trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is commonly explained by differential allocation of limited resources. Recent research has shown that the ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) of a fly's diet mediates the lifespan/reproduction trade-off, with higher P:C diets increasing egg production but decreasing lifespan. To test if this P:C effect is due to changing allocation strategies (Y-model hypothesis) or detrimental effects of protein ingestion on lifespan (lethal protein hypothesis), we measured lifespan and egg production in Queensland fruit flies varying in reproductive status (mated, virgin, and sterilized females, virgin males) that were fed one of 18 diets varying in protein and carbohydrate amounts. The Y-model predicts that for sterilized females and for males, which require little protein for reproduction, there will be no effect of P:C ratio on lifespan; the lethal protein hypothesis predicts that the effect of P:C ratio should be similar in all groups. In support of the lethal protein hypothesis, and counter to the Y model, the P:C ratio of the ingested diets had similar effects for all groups. We conclude that the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction is mediated by the detrimental side-effects of protein ingestion on lifespan.
FIGURES 28–33 in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)
FIGURES 28–33. Apical part of aculeus.—28. Carpophthoromyia flavofasciata.—29. C. radulata.—30. C. virgata.—31. C. interrupta.—32. C. schoutedeni.—33. C. tritea.
FIGURES 23–27 in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)
FIGURES 23–27. Apical part of aculeus.—23. Carpophthoromyia dividua.—24. C. pseudotritea.—25. C. tessmanni.—26. C. vittata.—27. C. vittata (lateral view).
FIGURES 13–22. Aculeus full length.—13. Carpophthoromyia flavofasciata.—14. C. radulata.— 15. C. tritea.—16. C. interrupta.—17. C. schoutedeni.—18. C. dividua.—19. C. tessmanni.—20. C. pseudotritea.— 21. C. virgata.—22. C in Systematic revision of the fruit fly genus Carpophthoromyia Austen (Diptera, Tephritidae)
FIGURES 13–22. Aculeus full length.—13. Carpophthoromyia flavofasciata.—14. C. radulata.— 15. C. tritea.—16. C. interrupta.—17. C. schoutedeni.—18. C. dividua.—19. C. tessmanni.—20. C. pseudotritea.— 21. C. virgata.—22. C. vittata.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FIGURE 6. Neoceratitis aculeus tip: a) albiseta; b) asiatica; c) cyanescens; d) efflatouni; e) flavoscutellata; f) lycii.
FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FIGURE 4. Neoceratitis epandrium lateral view: a) asiatica; b) cyanescens; c) lycii; d) flavoscutellata (after Merz & Dawah 2005); e) efflatouni.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FIGURE 5. Neoceratitis aculeus: a) albiseta; b) asiatica; c) cyanescens; d) efflatouni; e) lycii; f) flavoscutellata.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FIGURE 3. Neoceratitis wing: a) albiseta; b) asiatica; c) cyanescens; d) efflatouni; e) flavoscutellata; f) lycii.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Neoceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FIGURE 2. Neoceratitis scutellum, dorsal view: a) albiseta; b) asiatica; c) cyanescens; d) flavoscutellata; e) lycii.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.