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Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 1. Theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic Tegama Group, Agadez, Niger. A. MUPE HB-142 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), distal (A3), and basal (A5) views, close-up (A4). B. MUPE HB-118 in lateral (B1, B2), distal (B3), and basal (B5) views, close-up (B4). C. MUPE HB-125 in lateral (C1, C2) and distal (C3) views. D. Spinosaurid tooth, MUPE HB-87 in distal (D1), lingual (D2), mesial (D3), and labial (D4) views; close-up view of the labial side (D5); note the deeply veined enamel surface texture and the shape and size of the distal denticles.

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 3. Morphospace occupied by theropod teeth of the database used in this paper and those of the HB site using the results of the discriminant function analyses (A). Teeth that delimit the morphospace of each taxon (B). The colour convex hulls correspond to the morphospaces delineated by different theropod clades.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 2. Tooth measurements and dimensions used in this study. Theropod dental anatomy and variables used, in lateral and basal views (redrawn from Smith et al. 2005). AL, apical length; CA, crown angle; CBL, crown base length; CBR, crown base ratio; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; CHR, crown height ratio; DA, distal denticles in the apical section. DB, distal denticles in the basal section. DC, distal denticles in the central section. DSDI, denticle size difference index. MA, mesial denticles in the apical section. MB, mesial denticles in the basal section. MC, mesial denticles in the central section.

Fig. 6 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 6. Generalized palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D). Courtesy of Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html), modified and actualized after Bertin (2010).

Fig. 9 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 9. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine (A–V, X–Z) and Lithuania (W); Markovka, middle Eocene (A, D, E), Verhnee, lower Eocene (B, Z), Glâdov Âr, Upper Creatceous (C, J, K, P, Q, T, U, V, Y), Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (F, O), Kiselevka, middle Eocene (G, L, R), Markovka, upper Eocene (H, X), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (I, S), Lipcy, middle Eocene (M), Monastyrek, lower Eocene (N), and Neravai borehole, Paleocene (W). A, C, E, H, L, O, P, R. Phyllotriaenes. B. Sphaeroclone. D, F, G. Discotriaenes. I. Anchorate spicule. J, K, N, Q, S–W, Y. Megaclones. M. Siliceous plate. X, Z. Tetracrepid desmas. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 10 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 10. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Kiselevka, middle Eocene (A, F, H, I, L), Staroverovka, middle Eocene (B), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (C, D, E, J, M), Russkie Tiŝki, upper Eocene (G), and Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (K). A, B. Pentactines. C–F, H, I. Pinnular hexactines. G. Smooth hexactine. J. Tautactine. K, L, Hexactines. M. Stauractine. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 6 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 6. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Russkie Tiŝki, Middle Eocene (A, H, O, Y, Z), Kiselevka, upper Eocene (B, C), Markovka, middle Eocene (D), Russkie Tiŝki, upper Eocene (E), Kiselevka, upper Eocene (F, G, M), Pogonovka borehole, upper Eocene (I), Markovka, upper Eocene (J, K, N), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (L, P), Grigorevka borehole, upper Eocene (Q, R, S, T), Melovoe, upper Eocene (U, V), and Kiselevka, middle Eocene (W, X). A. Spherostyle. B–D. Tylostyles. E, F, I–K, M. Acanthostyles. G, H. Exotyles. L. Clavidisc. N, O. Acanthoxeas. P–R. Acanthostrongyles. S, T. Sigmas. U, V. Anisochelae. W. Isochela. X. Spheraster. Y, Z. Tylotes. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 8 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 8. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Verhnee, lower Eocene (A, K, L, P), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (B, D, N, Q), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (C, E, G, J), Markovka, upper Eocene (F, O), Lipcy, middle Eocene (H), Melovoe, upper Eocene (I), and Kantemirovka, upper Eocene (M). A.?Fragment of dictional skeleton. B. Pentactine. C. Hexactine. D, E.?Oxeas. F, G, O. Amphiclads. H. Broken lophodiactine. I, J. Lophocalthrops. K.?Lophocalthrop. L. Spicule fragment. M.?Spicule fragment. N. Dichotriaene. P. Calthrop. Q. Fragment of a diatom. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 5 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 5. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Kiselevka, upper Eocene (A, E, N, V, X), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (B, C, F, G, I, J, M, AA), Markovka, middle Eocene (D, H, Q, R, W), Melovoe, upper Eocene (K), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (L, P, AF), Staroverovka, middle Eocene (O, Y, AI), Markovka, upper Eocene (S, U, AD, AE, AG), Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (T), Harkov region, middle Eocene (Z), Kantemirovka, upper Eocene (AB), Russkie Tiŝki, upper Eocene (AC), and Kiselevka, middle Eocene (AH). A–D, V–X. Strongyles. E. Exotyle. F–K. Acanthostrongyles. L–N. Acanthostyles. O, P. Ophirhabds. Q–T. Flexuous oxeas. U. Acanthostrongyle. Y. Oxyspheraster. Z. Oxyaster. AA–AD. Microstrongyles. AE, AG. Oxyasters. AF. Oxyaster. AH, AI. Spherasters. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 3 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 3. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Černoleska, upper Eocene (A), Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (B), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (C, I, Q), Verhnee, lower Eocene (D, F, H, J, K, O, P), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (E, L), Staroverovka, middle Eocene (G), Markovka, upper Eocene (M), Kiselevka, lower Eocene (N), Grigorevka, middle Eocene (R), Kiselevka, middle Eocene (S), Markovka, middle Eocene (T), and Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (U). A, C. Anatriaenes. B. Orthodichotriaene. D, I–K, O, P. Mesotriaenes. E. Prodichotriaene. F, T. Calthrops. G, H. Dichotriaenes. L. Tylostyle. M, N. Mesodichotriaenes. Q, R. Triods. S.?Plesiaster. U. Oxyaster. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 1 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 1. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Grigorevka borehole, upper Eocene (B), Glâdov Âr, Upper Cretaceous (A, G, J), Pogonovka borehole, upper Eocene (C), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (D, F, I, O, W, X, Z, AA), Markovka, upper Eocene (E, H, N), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (K, L, Q, T, U, V), Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (M, AB), Kantemirovka, upper Eocene (P), Harkov region, middle Eocene (S), Verhnee, lower Eocene (R), and Staroverovka, middle Eocene (Y). A, G, H. Aspidasters. B. Spheraster. C, E, J, N. Sterrasters. D, F. Selenasters. I. Triaene. K, X. Mesotriaene. L, O. Anatriaenes. M, AB. Dichotriaenes. Q. Centrotylote?oxea. R.?Triaene. S. Plagiotriaene. P, T, U. Triaenes. V. Irregular triaene. W. Style. Y– AA. Diaenes. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 2 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 2. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Čečva, lower Oligocene (A, B), Staroverovka, middle Eocene (C, L), Verhnee, lower Eocene D), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (E, H, R, Z), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (F, I, J, K, M, T), Černoleska, upper Eocene (G), Markovka, upper Eocene (N), Melovoe, middle Eocene (O), Glâdov Âr, Cretaceous (P), Markovka, lower Oligocene (Q), Lipcy, middle Eocene (S), Pogonovka, upper Eocene (U), Melovoe, upper Eocene (V), Pesčanoe, upper Eocene (W, Y), and Kiselevka, upper Eocene (X). A–E, G. Protriaenes. F, H, J, K, M, U, V. Anatriaenes., L, P. Prodichotriaenes. N, O. Oxeas. Q. Orthotriaene. R. Diaene. S.?Triaene. T. Orthodichotriaene. W–Y. Pinakids. Z. Dichotriaene. After Ivanik 2003); modified.

Fig. 7 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 7. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Markovka, upper Eocene (A, E, K), Kiselevka, middle Eocene (B, U), Lipcy, middle Eocene (C), Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (D, J, P, R, V, W, X, AB), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (F, H, Y), Kantemirovka, upper Eocene (G, L, AA), Kiselevka, upper Eocene (I, O, Z), Pogonovka, upper Eocene (M, N), Melovoe, upper Eocene (Q, T), Černoleska, upper Eocene (S), and Staroverovka, middle Eocene (AC). A–E. Oxeas. F, H. Acanthoxeas. G. Acanthorhabd. I, J. Acanthostrongyles. K, M, N. Acanthostyles. L, O–Q. Styles. R. Reduced triaene. S. Anatriaene. T, U. Unknowns spicule. V. Orthotriaene. W, X. Tylostyles. Y. Spicule fragment. Z. Exotyle. AA.?Fragment of a triaene. AB. Amphiaster. AC. Spheraster. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Fig. 4 in Uncovering the hidden diversity of Paleogene sponge fauna of the East European Platform through reassessment of the record of isolated spicules

Fig. 4. Spicule morphotypes from south-central Ukraine; Russkie Tiŝki, middle Eocene (A, O), Nikol'skoe, upper Eocene (B, C), Kantemirovka, middle Eocene (D), Melovoe, upper Eocene (E), Staroverovka, middle Eocene (F), Kantemirovka, upper Eocene (G, I), Markovka, upper Eocene (H, N), Pogonovka borehole, upper Eocene (J, L, M), Markovka, middle Eocene (K, P, T), Kiselevka, middle Eocene (Q), Lipcy, middle Eocene (R), and Kiselevka, upper Eocene (S). A. Protriaene. B, C. Anatriaenes. D. Centrotylote oxea. E–H. Amphitriaenes. I–K. Acanthotriods. L, M. Verticillate oxeas. N. Verticillate style. O–R, T. Acanthoxeas. S. Sanidaster. After Ivanik (2003); modified.

Figure 5 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 5: Light microscope micrographs of second-generation adults and IJ of Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. (A–C) Stoma and pharynx region of female, male and IJ, respectively. Black arrow pointing the EP, white arrow pointing the bacteria sac. (D) Vagina region. (E, F) Entire female and male, respectively. (G, H) IJ bacterial sac and lateral field, respectively. (I–K) Posterior end of female, male, and IJ, respectively. Pictures are in right lateral view. EP, excretory pore; IJ, infective juvenile.

Figure 8 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 8: Phylogenetic relationships between the newly described Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. and other Steinernema species. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed from: (A) the nucleotide sequences of the ITS rRNA. A total of 705 nucleotide positions, flanked by primers 18S and 26S, were analyzed; (B) the nucleotide sequences of the D2–D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA. A total of 786 nucleotide positions, flanked by primers D2F and 536, were analyzed; (C) the nucleotide sequences of the COI gene. A total of 567 nucleotide positions, flanked by primers LCO-1490 and HCO-2198, were analyzed; and (D) the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. A total of 467 nucleotide positions, flanked by primers 505F and 506R, were analyzed. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap values based on 100 replications. Bars represent average nucleotide substitutions per sequence position. NCBI accession numbers of the nucleotide sequences used for the analyses are shown next to the species names. COI, cytochrome oxidase subunit I; ITS, internal transcribed spacer; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Figure 4 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 4: Light microscope micrographs of first-generation adults and IJ of Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. (A, B) Stoma and pharynx region of female and male, respectively. (C–E) Lip region and stoma of female, male and IJ, respectively. (F) Vagina region. (G–I) Entire female, male and IJ, respectively. (J) Posterior end of a female. (K, L) Posterior end of males. Pictures are in right lateral view. IJ, infective juvenile.

Figure 7 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 7: Scanning electron microscope micrographs of second-generation adults and IJ of Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. (A–C) Lip region of female, male, and IJ in lateral view, respectively. Arrows pointing the amphids (C: cheilostom, G: gymnostom, S: stegostom, cp: cephalic papillae, lp: labial papillae). (D–F) Lip region of female, male, and IJ in frontal view, respectively. Black arrows point to the amphids, white arrow points to the dorsal gland opening. (G) EP of female. (H) Male posterior region in lateral view – GP, MP, ph. (I) EP of IJ. (J) Vulva. (K) IJ lateral field. (L, M) Female tail (arrows pointing the phasmids). (N) Male posterior region in lateral view. (O, P) IJ tail in lateral and ventral views, respectively. Arrows pointing the phasmids. EP, excretory pore; GP, genital papillae; MP, mid-ventral papilla; ph, phasmid.

Figure 1 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 1: Line drawings of Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. IJ. (A) Stoma and pharynx region. (B) Anterior end. (C) Entire IJ. (D) Posterior end. IJ, infective juvenile.

Figure 6 in Steinernema africanum n. sp. (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae), a New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Isolated in the Republic of Rwanda

Figure 6: Scanning electron microscope micrographs of first-generation adults of Steinernema afriCanUm n. sp. (A, B) Lip region of a female and a male, respectively, in lateral view. Arrows pointing the amphids (C: cheilostom, G: gymnostom, S: stegostom, cp: cephalic papillae, and lp: labial papillae). (C) Male posterior end in sub-ventral view – GP, MP, ph. (D, E) Lip region of a female and a male, respectively, in frontal view. (F, G) EP of a female and a male, respectively. (H) Vulva. (I) Male posterior end in sub-ventral view – GP, MP, ph. (J) Male posterior end in sub-ventral view – GP, MP. (K) Female anus. Arrow pointing a post-anal pore. (L, M) Female tail in lateral and ventral views, respectively. Black arrow pointing a post-anal pore, white arrows pointing the phasmids. EP, excretory pore; GP, genital papillae; MP, mid-ventral papilla; ph, phasmid.