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MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3280 V1.0

This is a Mars Express Radio Science data set, collected during the extended mission phase 2010-01-01 to 2012-12-31. It is a Global Gravity measurement and covers the time 2012-05-07T09:03:49.000 to 2012-05-07T13:18:20.500.

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MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3274 V1.0

MARS EXPRESS SUN MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 2773 V1.0

This is a Mars Express Radio Science data set, collected during the extended mission phase 2010-01-01 to 2012-12-31. It is a Solar Conjunction measurement and covers the time 2011-02-12T10:00:40 to 2011-02-12T13:44:56.500.

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MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3277 V1.0

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3404 V1.0

Bulk RNA sequencing and spatially resolved transcriptional profiling of hippocampi from mice flown on the RRRM-2 mission

In the Rodent Research Reference Mission (RRRM-2), forty female C57BL/6NTac mice were flown on the International Space Station. To assess differences in outcomes due to age, twenty 12 week-old and twenty 29 week-old mice were flown, respectively. To directly assess spaceflight effects, half of the young and old mice (10 old, 10 young) were sacrificed on-orbit after 55-58 days (ISS Terminal, ISS-T), while the other half (10 old, 10 young) were returned live to Earth after 32 days and allowed to recover for 24 days (Live Animal Return, LAR) before sacrifice. ISS-T and LAR mice were the same age at sacrifice. Both the ISS-T and LAR animals had independent ground controls (10 mice per group housed in flight hardware in matched environmental conditions), basal controls (10 mice per group sacrificed 2 days before launch), and vivarium controls (10 mice per group housed within standard vivarium habitats). Thus RRRM-2 included a total of 160 mice. This study includes bulk RNA sequencing and spatially resolved transcriptional profiling data from hippocampi from 5 old ISS-T flight animals, 3 old ISS-T ground control (GC) animals, 4 (bulk RNAseq) or 5 (spatial transcriptomics) young ISS-T flight animals, 3 young ISS-T GC animals, 3 old LAR flight animals, 3 old LAR GC animals, 3 young LAR flight animals, and 3 young LAR GC animals. Hippocampi from the right hemisphere were either processed for bulk RNA sequencing or embedded and cryosectioned. Cryosections were placed on gene expression arrays, stained and imaged. Imaging was followed by tissue permeabilization to release mRNA molecules from cells for capture onto the array surface. Subsequently, spatial transcriptomics libraries were prepared and sequenced.

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3405 V1.0

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3320 V1.0

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MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 5 3802 V1.0

This is a Mars Express Radio Science data set, collected during the extended mission phase 2015-01-01 to 2016-12-31. It is a Occultation measurement and covers the time 2015-08-30T08:36:49.050 to 2015-08-30T09:00:42.949.

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3342 V1.0

Transcriptional profiling of kidney tissue from mice flown on the Rodent Research Reference Mission-2 (RRRM-2)

In the Rodent Research Reference Mission (RRRM-2), forty female C57BL/6NTac mice were flown on the International Space Station. To assess differences in outcomes due to age, twenty 12 week-old and twenty 29 week-old mice were flown, respectively. To directly assess spaceflight effects, half of the young and old mice (10 old, 10 young) were sacrificed on-orbit after 55-58 days (ISS Terminal, ISS-T), while the other half (10 old, 10 young) were returned live to Earth after 32 days and allowed to recover for 24 days (Live Animal Return, LAR) before sacrifice. ISS-T and LAR mice were the same age at sacrifice. Both the ISS-T and LAR animals had independent ground controls (10 mice per group housed in flight hardware in matched environmental conditions), basal controls (10 mice per group sacrificed 2 days before launch), and vivarium controls (10 mice per group housed within standard vivarium habitats). Thus RRRM-2 included a total of 160 mice. This study includes bulk RNA sequencing ribodepleted gene expression data from the kidneys from 5 old and 5 young animals from each of the following groups: LAR basal (BSL), LAR ground control (GC), LAR vivarium control (VIV), LAR flight (FLT), ISS-T basal (BSL), ISS-T ground control (GC), ISS-T vivarium control (VIV), and ISS-T flight (FLT).

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3008 V1.0

This is a Mars Express Radio Science data set, collected during the extended mission phase 2010-01-01 to 2012-12-31. It is a Global Gravity measurement and covers the time 2011-07-13T23:57:08.000 to 2011-07-14T01:46:37.500.

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 3 3275 V1.0

Characterization of mouse ocular responses (intraocular pressure) to a 35-day (RR-9) spaceflight mission: Evidence of blood-retinal barrier disruption and ocular adaptations

The health risks associated with spaceflight-induced ocular structural and functional damage has become a recent concern for NASA. The goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of spaceflight and reentry to 1 g on the structure and integrity of the retina and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in the eye. To investigate possible mechanisms, changes in protein expression profiles were examined in mouse ocular tissue after spaceflight. Ten week old male C57BL/6 mice were launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on Space-X 12 at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on August, 2017. After a 35-day mission, mice were returned to Earth alive. Within 38 +/− 4 hours of splashdown, mice were euthanized and ocular tissues were collected for analysis. Ground control (GC) and vivarium control mice were maintained on Earth in flight hardware or normal vivarium cages respectively. Repeated intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were performed before the flight launch and remeasured before the mice were euthanized after splashdown. IOP was significantly lower in post-flight measurements compared to that of pre-flight (14.4–19.3 mmHg vs 16.3–20.3 mmHg) (p less than 0.05) for the left eye. Flight group had significant apoptosis in the retina and retinal vascular endothelial cells compared to control groups (p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis of the retina revealed that an increased expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in the flight mice compared to controls gave strong indication of disturbance of BRB integrity. There were also a significant increase in the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and a decrease in the expression of the BRB related tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Proteomic analysis showed that many key proteins and pathways responsible for cell death, cell cycle, immune response, mitochondrial function and metabolic stress were significantly altered in the flight mice compared to ground control animals. These data indicate a complex cellular response that may alter retina structure and BRB integrity following long-term spaceflight. This dataset derives results from the intraocular pressure (tonometry) assay.

MARS EXPRESS MARS MRS 1/2/3 EXTENDED MISSION 5 3814 V1.0

This is a Mars Express Radio Science data set, collected during the extended mission phase 2015-01-01 to 2016-12-31. It is a Occultation measurement and covers the time 2015-09-08T09:15:54.000 to 2015-09-08T09:39:44.949.

Transcriptional analysis of colon from mice flown on the RR-6 mission

The objective of the Rodent Research-6 (RR-6) study was to evaluate muscle atrophy in mice during spaceflight and to test the efficacy of a novel therapeutic to mitigate muscle wasting. The experiment involved an implantable subcutaneous nanochannel delivery system (nDS; between scapula), which delivered the drug formoterol (FMT; a selective Beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist), over the course of time. To this end, a cohort of forty 32-weeks-old female C57BL/6NTac mice were either sham operated or implanted with vehicle or treatment-filled nDS, launched in two Transporters (20 mice per Transporter) on SpaceX-13 on December 15, 2017. They were transferred to Rodent Habitats onboard the International Space Station (ISS), and maintained in microgravity for 29 days (N=20, Live Animal Return [LAR]), or >50 days (N=20, ISS Terminal). After 29 days, the 20 LAR animals were returned live to back to Earth on January 13, 2018,. After splashdown, the animals were ambulatory on-ground for ~4 days, until all subjects were processed during one day of dissections. There were two Baseline groups of animals sacrificed (LAR Baseline & FLT Baseline; N=20; 40 animals; ~36 weeks old) at Kennedy Space Center (KSC; 12/9/17). A Ground Control group mimicked the Flight LAR group, which was housed at KSC, then shipped alive, to Novartis' Facilities, where both the LAR and LAR Ground Control groups were processed (~41 weeks old; 1/16/18). All were anesthetized with isoflurane, blood samples were obtained by closed-chest cardiac puncture, and the animals were euthanized by exsanguination and thoracotomy. The 20 ISS Terminal mice were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine over the course of a four days of dissections (2/6/18 until 2/9/18; 53-56 days after launch; 44 weeks old at time of on-orbit dissections). Blood samples and euthanasia were conducted the same as LAR and Baseline. Following blood draw and hind limb dissection, the ISS-terminal animal carcasses were wrapped in aluminum foil, placed in a ziploc bag and placed in storage at -80C or colder until return. The ISS-terminal Ground Controls (at KSC) followed the same euthanasia timeline, methods, and preservation. The final processing of frozen ISS-terminal, frozen ISS-terminal Ground Controls and frozen 0-day FLT baseline animals were completed at Houston Methodist Research Institute, in Houston, TX (5/21/18 until 5/24/18). GeneLab received samples of colon from only sham treated animals (no drug treated animals) from the following groups Flight: LAR (n=10), ISS Terminal (n= 9); Ground Controls: LAR GC (N=8), ISS Terminal GC (N=9), LAR Baseline (n=9) ISS Terminal Baseline (n=9). Total RNA was extracted and sequenced at a target depth of 60 M clusters per sample (ribodepleted, paired end 150).