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Figure 7 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 7. Skull of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in anterior, and slightly oblique anterior aspect, highlighting the ornamentation of the dorsal crest (photo courtesy of J. Weinstein).
Figure 5 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 5. Skull of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in left lateral aspect (A), and interpretive line drawing (B). Several articulated posterior cervical vertebrae are preserved on the same block, posterior to the skull, and are visible in dorsal aspect (photo courtesy of J. Weinstein).
Figure 19 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 19. Left tibia, fibula, astragalus and calcaneum of Cryolophosaurus ellioti preserved in articulation in posterior (A) and anterior (B) aspects, and interpretive line drawing of anterior aspect (C) (photos courtesy of ReBecca Hunt).
Figure 4 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 4. Skull of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in right lateral aspect (A), and interpretive line drawing (B). Several articulated posterior cervical vertebrae are preserved on the same block, posterior to the skull, and are visible in ventral aspect (photo courtesy of J. Weinstein).
Figure 2 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 2. Detailed stratigraphy of the Fremouw, Falla and Hanson Formations in the Beardmore Glacier region. Several important vertebrate faunas are indicated. Rock unit legend abbreviations: carb, carbonaceous; cg, conglomorate; crs, coarse; Fm, Formation; med, medium; mdst, mudstone; sltst, siltstone; ss, sandstone.
Figure 3 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 3. Left maxilla of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in lateral (A), and medial (B), aspects. Right maxilla of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in lateral (C) aspect.
Figure 1 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 1. Generalized map of Antarctica (A), with inset maps showing the Central Transantarctic Mountains (B), and the Beardmore Glacier area where the Mount Kirkpatrick dinosaur site is located (C). D, generalized stratigraphy and age of rock units in the Beardmore Glacier area.
Figure 8 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 8. Portions of the left jugal, postorbital and squamosal of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in medial aspect (A), and interpretive line drawing (B). These elements have been split in half from the left side of the skull.
Figure 1 in Aspects of comparative cranial mechanics in the theropod dinosaurs Coelophysis, Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus
Figure 1. Finite element (FE) models created in this study with respect to taxonomic position with the Theropoda. From left to right: A, Coelophysis bauri, skull and D, FEA model; B, Allosaurus fragilis, skull and E, FEA model; C, Tyrannosaurus rex, skull and F, FEA model. Grey patches on mesh indicate constrained region of model (in direction indicated by arrows). Scale bar = 10 cm. Phylogeny adapted from Holtz (2000) and Rauhut (2003); open circles indicate node-based taxa; black lines indicate stem-based taxa. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; or, orbit; par, parietal; po, postorbital; pm, premaxilla; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal.
FIGURE 14 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs
FIGURE 14. Pneumatic features on selected cranial bones of Tyrannosaurus rex (CM 9380). Right lacrimal in lateral view (A), left squamosal in ventral view (B), and left surangular in lateral view (C). Scale bars = 3 cm. Arrows denote external pneumatic features (foramina and fenestrae).
Figure 1 in Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods
Figure 1. Daurlong wangi holotype. (a), whole specimen. (b), skull. (c), detail of orbit region. (d), feather remains associated to the thoracic vertebrae. (e), anuran skeleton. Scale bars: 20 mm (b), 10 mm (c).
Figure 3 in Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods
Figure 3. Diagnosis of Daurlong wangi. Specimen IMMNH-PV00731. Skull (a, b), lef scapula (c), sternum and lef hand (d, e), right forelimb (f). Reconstruction in (g) by M. Auditore (CC-BY 4.0). Combination of features diagnostic for D. wangi: 1, slender subnarial ramus of premaxilla extended caudally well beyond the external naris; 2, large, trapezoid promaxillary recess placed at the rostroventral corner of antorbital fossa; 3, maxillary fossa large, shallow and caudodorsally located, so that the pila promaxillaris is wider than the pila interfenestralis; 4, stepped subcutaneous surface of the ventral ramus of maxilla; 5, absence of pitted ventral ramus of the antorbital fossa; 6, robust fang-like maxillary teeth with straight to slightly convex distal crown margins; 7, distal end of first sternal rib fan-shaped. 8, bowed scapula; 9. radius and ulna more robust than any manual element; 10. wide overlap of the semilunate carpal over metacarpal II. In D, gray area indicates sternum, black areas indicate lef hand elements. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fossa; de, dentary; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; pm, premaxilla; su, surangular. Scale bar in G = 10 cm.
Figure 2 in Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods
Figure 2. Selected elements of Daurlong wangi holotype. (a), neck and pectoral region. (b), thoraco-sacral series. (c), ventral part of the belly region. (d), tail. Abbreviations: ca, caudotheca; cc, caudal centrum; co, coracoid; cv, cervical vertebrae; dr, dorsal rib; dv, dorsal vertebrae; f, feathers; fe, femur; ga, gastralia; I-/II-/III-, phalanges; il, ilium; is, ischium; mc, metacarpal; pu, pubis; sc, scapula; st, sternum, sr1, sternal rib1, sv, sacral vertebrae. Scale bars in (a-c) = 20 mm.
Fig. 4 in Caudipteryx as a non-avialan theropod rather than a flightless bird
Fig. 4. Logarithmic plots of hind limb measurements (in mm). A. Femur length against total leg length. B. Tibia length (against total leg length. C. Tarsal length (mt. III) against total leg length. Regression statistics for principal data subdivisions are given in Table 2. Symbols: dotted lines, extent of neornithean bird distributions; crosses, non−avialan theropods; circles/diamonds, oviraptorosaurs (including Caudipteryx).
New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction
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Data from: Comparative crystallography suggests maniraptoran theropod affinities for latest Cretaceous European ‘geckoid’ eggshell
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Data from: A highly pneumatic 'mid Cretaceous' theropod from the British Lower Greensand
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A series of axial elements from the Aptian Ferruginous Sandstone Formation of the Lower Greensand Group, discovered on the foreshore near Knock Cliff on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom (UK) are – bar some isolated teeth – the youngest non-avian theropod remains reported from the British Mesozoic. These specimens have the potential to shed light on a poorly known section of the European dinosaur record. A consistency in size, appearance and adhering matrix indicate that the vertebrae belong to the same individual. This was a mid-sized tetanuran, the presence of several diagnostic characters indicating that it should be recognised as a new taxon, herein named<i>Vectaerovenator <span><span>inopinatus</span></span></i>. The cervical and dorsal vertebrae are camerate and highly pneumatic. Tetanuran affinities include opisthocoelous cervicals and pneumatic foramina located within fossae, however assigning this specimen to a specific clade is problematic. Within Tetanurae, <i>Vectaerovenator</i>possesses axial structures and homoplastic features seen in megalosauroids, carcharodontosaurians and certain coelurosaurs. Not only is <i>Vectaerovenator</i>one of the UK's youngest non-bird dinosaurs, and one of few valid British Greensand taxa, it is also the first diagnosable theropod taxon to be named from Aptian deposits of Europe.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs
<p>Theropods are obligate bipedal dinosaurs that appeared 230 million years ago and are still extant as birds. Their history is characterized by extreme variations in body mass, with gigantism evolving convergently between many lineages. However, no quantification of hindlimb functional morphology has shown if these body mass increases led to similar specializations between distinct lineages. Here we studied femoral shape variation across 41 species of theropods (n= 68 specimens) using a high-density 3D geometric morphometric approach. We demonstrated that the heaviest theropods evolved wider epiphyses and a more distally located fourth trochanter, as previously demonstrated in early archosaurs, along with an upturned femoral head and a mediodistal crest that extended proximally along the shaft. Phylogenetically informed analyses highlighted that these traits evolved convergently within six major theropod lineages, regardless of their maximum body mass. Conversely, the most gracile femora were distinct from the rest of the dataset, which we interpret as a femoral specialization to "miniaturization" evolving close to the bird lineage (Avialae). Our results support a gradual evolution of known "avian" features, such as the fusion between lesser and greater trochanters and a reduction of the epiphyses' offset, independently from body mass variations, which may relate to a more "avian" type of locomotion (more knee- than hip-driven). The distinction between body mass variations and a more "avian" locomotion is represented by a decoupling in the mediodistal crest morphology, whose biomechanical nature should be studied to better understand the importance of its functional role in gigantism, miniaturization and higher parasagittal abilities.</p>
Data from: Macroevolutionary trends in theropod dinosaur feeding mechanics
<p>Figure S1. Comparison of von Mises stress plots of non-avialan theropod mandibles under a posterior-bite scenario. Left: original mandible; Right: simulated deformed mandible, showing the deformation (displacement) of the original mandible under loading and the biomechanical performance of this simulated form (see methods). Silhouettes modified from PhyloPic.</p> <p>Figure S2. Ancestral state reconstruction of (A) average mandibular stress and (B) bite efficiency of the non-avialan theropods studied under an anterior-bite scenario using linear parsimony.</p> <p>Figure S3. Ancestral state reconstruction of (A) average mandibular stress and (B) bite efficiency of theropods under posterior-bite scenario using linear parsimony.</p> <p>Figure S4. Workflow of the analyses conducted in this study, using the oviraptorosaurian <em>Gigantoraptor erlianensis</em> as an example.</p> <p>Figure S5. Biomechanical performance of the original and simulated deformed mandibles of non-avialan theropods under an anterior-bite scenario. Average mandibular stress of (A) major clades; (B) dietary groups; (C) theropod taxa. Bite efficiency of (D) major clades; (E) dietary groups; (F) theropod taxa. See Figure S5B for legend. Silhouettes modified from PhyloPic.</p> <p>Figure S6. Biomechanical performance of the original and simulated deformed mandibles of non-avialan theropods under a posterior-bite scenario. Average mandibular stress of (A) major clades; (B) dietary groups; (C) theropod taxa. Bite efficiency of (D) major clades; (E) dietary groups; (F) theropod taxa. See Figure S6B for legend. Silhouettes modified from PhyloPic.</p> <p>Figure S7. Ancestral state reconstruction of average mandibular stress of theropods under anterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S8. Ancestral state reconstruction of average mandibular stress of theropods under posterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S9. Ancestral state reconstruction of bite efficiency of theropods under anterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S10. Ancestral state reconstruction of bite efficiency of theropods under posterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S11. Comparison of maximum principal strain plots of non-avialan theropod mandibles under an anterior-bite scenario. Left: original mandible; Right: simulated deformed mandible, showing the deformation (displacement) of the original mandible under loading and the biomechanical performance of this simulated form (see methods). Silhouettes modified from PhyloPic.</p> <p>Figure S12. Comparison of maximum principal strain plots of non-avialan theropod mandibles under a posterior-bite scenario. Left: original mandible; Right: simulated deformed mandible, showing the deformation (displacement) of the original mandible under loading and the biomechanical performance of this simulated form (see methods). Silhouettes modified from PhyloPic.</p> <p>Figure S13. Comparison of maximum principal strain plot of the tyrannosauroids <em>Tyrannosaurus</em> and <em>Tarbosaurus</em> through ontogeny.</p> <p>Figure S14. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of (A) relative average mandibular stress and (B) relative bite efficiency of the non-avialan theropods studied under an anterior-bite scenario using linear parsimony.</p> <p>Figure S15. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of (A) relative average mandibular stress and (B) relative bite efficiency of the non-avialan theropods studied under a posterior-bite scenario using linear parsimony.</p> <p>Figure S16. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of average mandibular stress of theropods under anterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S17. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of average mandibular stress of theropods under posterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S18. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of bite efficiency of theropods under anterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S19. Ancestral state reconstruction of the phylogenetic generalized least square regression residuals of bite efficiency of theropods under posterior-bite scenario using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Figure S20. Time-scaled composite phylogeny used in this study. Outgroup taxa relationships follow Novas, et al. <sup>1</sup>. Coelurosaurian phylogenetic relationships follow Pei, et al. <sup>2</sup>. The placement of <em>Raptorex</em> in Tyrannosauroidea follows Brusatte and Carr <sup>3</sup>. The placement of <em>Deinocheirus</em> in Ornithomimosauria follows Lee, et al. <sup>4</sup>. The placement of <em>Jianchangosaurus</em> in Therizinosauria follows Yao, et al. <sup>5</sup>. The detailed phylogeny of Oviraptorosauria follows Qiu, et al. <sup>6</sup> (for early-diverging taxa) and Funston <sup>7</sup> (for Caenagnathidae and Oviraptoridae).</p> <p>Figure S21. Phylogeny used in this study with node numbers labelled. See Data S1F-G for reconstructed ancestral states of biomechanical characters using maximum likelihood.</p> <p>Supplemental references</p>
Data from: First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology
<p>Theropods were the dominating apex predators in most Jurassic and Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Their feeding ecology has always been of great interest, and new computational methods have yielded more detailed reconstructions of differences in theropod feedings behaviour. Many approaches however rely on well-preserved skulls. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is potentially applicable to isolated teeth, and here employed for the first time to investigate dietary ecology of theropods. In particular, we test whether tyrannosaurids show DMT associated with more hard-object feeding than compared to Allosaurus – which would be a sign for higher levels of osteophagy, as has often been suggested. We find no significant difference in complexity and roughness of enamel surfaces between Herrerasaurus, Allosaurus, and tyrannosaurids, which conflicts with inferences of more frequent osteophagic behaviour in Tyrannosaurus as compared to other theropods. Orientation of wear features reveals a more pronounced bi-directional puncture-and-pull feeding mode in Allosaurus than in tyrannosaurids. Our results further indicate ontogenetic niche shift in theropods and crocodylians, significantly larger height parameters in juvenile theropods might indicate frequent scavenging, resulting in more bone-tooth contact during feeding. Overall, DMTA is found to be very similar between theropods and extant large, broad-snouted crocodylians and shows great similarity in feeding ecology of theropod apex predators throughout the Mesozoic.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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