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Figure 10 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 10. The lateral and occipital portions of the braincase of Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032): epipterygoid (light pink) in (A) anterior and (B) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (C) anterior view; supraoccipital (dark green) in (D) anterior, (E) posterior, (F) left lateral and (G) medial views; prootic (blue) in (H) anterior, (I) lateral, (J), medial and (K) posterior views; opisthotic (golden) in (L) anterior, (M) medial and (M) posterior views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; cc, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eocr, exoccipital descending crest; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; epap, anteromedial angular process of the epipterygoid; epar, ascending ramus of the epipterygoid; epft, epipterygoid footplate; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; fm, foramen magnum; ihb, impressions of the hindbrain; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular canal; nc, nuchal crest; oae, opisthotic anterior depression; od, opisthotic posterior depression; opc, opisthotic posterior crests; pa, pila antotica; pabt, prootic anterior buttress; pade, pila antotica ellipsoidal depression; pard, pila antotica anterodorsally directed ridges; pbg, prootic anterior bulge; pg, prootic anterior groove; plbt, prootic lateral vertical buttress; pmbt, prootic medial vertical buttress; prs?, prootic sinus; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; pvfo, prootic vertical fossa; sacr, crests of the supraoccipital ala; saex, medial excavation of the supraoccipital lateral ala; sfo, supraoccipital posterior fossa; sap, supraoccipital anterior process of the median lobe; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior oblique ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; tgn, passage of the cranial nerve (V); ve, vestibular area. Scale bars equal 1 mm. The first scale serves for (A-B), the second for (C-G) and the third for (H-N).

Figure 4 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J).

Figure 2 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures.

Figure 1 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 1. Illustration of the braincase region within the entire skull. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) right lateral, (B) posterior and (C) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (D) right lateral, (E) posterior and (F) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (G) left lateral and (H) posterior views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (I) right lateral, (J) posterior and (K) ventral views. Note that the Malawian cistecephalid specimen is completely covered by matrix, such that a good contrast to enable the visibility of the skull was not obtained. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid.

Figure 7 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 7. The posteroventral braincase wall of Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690 and BP/1/2701a): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; the exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior, (F) posterior, (G) dorsal and (H) ventromedial views; supraoccipital (dark green) in (I) anterior, (J) posterior, (K) ventral and (L) dorsal views; prootic (blue) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) medial, (P) dorsal and (Q) posterior views; (R) the complete braincase of BP/1/2690 in left lateral view; opisthotic (golden) of BP/1/2690 in (S) anterior and (T) posterior views; right opisthotic of BP/1/2701a in (U) posterior view; the braincase of BP/1/2690 in (V) ventral view. ap, alar process of the prootic; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; bo, basioccipital; boc, basioccipital condyly; bocc, basioccipital condyle concavities; bod, basioccipital ventral depression; bocdr, basioccipital condyle dorsal ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bonf, basioccipital nutritive foramina; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bt, basioccipital tubera; CNV, passage of the cranial nerve five (V); eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; eopsu, exoccipital posterior sulcus; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; gp, gap between the prootic and the clinoid process; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular area; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; ob, opisthotic body; obu, opisthotic bulges; occp, occipital pit; olc, opisthotic lateral crest; omc, opisthotic medial crest; op, opisthotic; opmb, opisthotic posteromedial buttress; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pabt, prootic anterior buttress; pbs, parabasisphenoid; ppex, prootic posterior excavation; pr, prootic; prac, pila antotica anterior crests; prmc, prootic medial crest; prpb, prootic posterior bulge; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterygoid; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sac, supraoccipital semicircular crests; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; smb, supraoccipital subvertical buttress; spi, supraoccipital posterior pit; su, supraoccipital; svd, supraoccipital posterior vertical depressions; ve, vestibular area. The horizontal square pattern in (O) represents the sutural area between the prootic and supraoccipital; the horizontal line pattern in (O, Q) represents the articular surface between the prootic and the opisthotic and the oblique pattern in (O) represents the articular surface between the prootic and the parabasisphenoid. Finally, the vertical pattern in (S), represents the articular surface for the prootic on the opisthotic. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-H), the second for (I-L), the third for (M-Q, S, T, V), the fourth for (R) and the fifth for (U).

Figure 3 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K).

Figure 12 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 12. Phylogenetic results simplified to highlight Emydopoidea intra- and interrelationships. Numbers at nodes represent: Symmetric Resampling values/CG values above nodes; Bremer Support values/Relative Bremer Support values below nodes. See the Supporting Information (Figs S1–S3) for the complete tree.

Figure 9 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 9. The anterior and ventral portions of the braincase of Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032): orbitosphenoid (purple) in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; basioccipital (lime green), parabasisphenoid (light blue) and pterygoid (yellow) in (D) dorsal, (E) left lateral and (F) ventral views; parabasisphenoid in (G) ventral view; and basioccipital in (H) posterior view. Horizontal CT-image through the parabasisphenoid and basioccipital (I). aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocf, basioccipital longitudinal furrow; bolp, basioccipital lateral process; bovr, basioccipital median ridge; bovs, basioccipital vestibular space; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bt, basioccipital tubera; bvex, basioccipitalbasisphenoidal ventral excavation; clp, clinoid process; ds, dorsum sellae; dsu, orbitosphenoid dorsal sulcus; ic, internal carotid foramina; jf, jugular foramen; obasu, orbitosphenoid lateral sulci; obgu, orbitosphenoid dorsal gutter; obno, lateral notch; obpl, orbitosphenoid dorsal plate; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; pbs, parabasisphenoid; psgr, parasphenoidal groove; pt, pterygoid; ptqr, posterior (quadrate) ramus of the pterygoid; stu, sella turcica; tra, trabecular spaces; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the exoccipital is represented by the horizontal square pattern in (D). The upper scale bar equals 5 mm and 1 mm in the lower. The upper scale serves for (A-C) and the lower for (D-H).

Figure 6 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 6. The anterior, ventral and lateral walls of the braincase of Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690 and BP/1/2701a): orbitosphenoid (purple) of BP/1/2690 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) right lateral views; the pterygoid (yellow) of BP/1/2690 in (D) dorsal, (E) right lateral and (F) ventral views; ventral braincase floor of BP/1/2701a in (G) dorsal and (H) right lateral views; epipterygoid (pink) of BP/1/2701a in (I) anterior, (J) right lateral and (K) medial views; and the parabasisphenoid (turquoise) of BP/1/2690 in (L) dorsal, (M) left lateral and (N) ventral views. apf, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; epar, epipterygoid ascending ramus; epdp, epipterygoid dorsal plate; epft, epipterygoid footplate; ic, internal carotid foramina; ltcr, oblique crests of the lateral wall; obacr, orbitosphenoid vertical crest; obasu, lateral sulci of the median vertical process; obdfo, orbitosphenoid dorsal fossa; obgu, orbitosphenoid gutter; obvp, orbitosphenoid vertical process; obsp, orbitosphenoid spine process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; PRB, parasphenoid rostrum + basipresphenoid; ps, parasphenoid (light blue) rostrum; psc, parasphenoidal crests; psf, parasphenoidal foramen; pss, parasphenoidal sulcus; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt gr, pterygoid dorsal groove; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; ptqr, quadrate ramus of the pterygoid; stu, sella turcica. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-F), the third for (G-H), the fourth for (I-K) and the fifth for (L-N).

Figure 8 in X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny

Figure 8. The braincase of the Malawian cistecephalid DMMM-PK-16-1: ventral region of the braincase in (A) dorsal, (B) right lateral and (C) ventral views; the left exoccipital (pink) in (D) anterior and (E) posterior views; and right exoccipital (pink) in (F) medial view. Anterior wall: right prootic (blue) in (G) ventrolateral, (H) anterior; (I) lateral, (J) medial, (K) ventral and (L) posterior views. Posterior wall of the braincase: opisthotic (golden) and supraoccipital (dark green) in (M) anterior, (O) posterior and (P) right lateral views; opisthotic in (N) medial view. ap, alar process of the prootic; aptr, anterior (palatal) pterygoid ramus; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; bo, basioccipital (lime green); boc, basioccipital condyle; bod, basioccipital ventral depression; bok, basioccipital dorsal knob; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bplr, basisphenoidal lateral recess; cc, attachment of the crus communis; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; eopsu, exoccipital posterior sulcus; epi, epipterygoid; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; gap, gap between the prootic and the parabasisphenoid; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ic, internal carotid foramina; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular canal; oac, opisthotic anterior crests; oad, opisthotic anterior depression; obg, opisthotic anterior bulge; od, opisthotic posterior depression; op, opisthotic; opc, opisthotic posterior crests; opp, opisthotic posterior process; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pbl, prootic blade-like process; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; pss, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal sulcus; pssc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterygoid; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; pt ltr, pterygoid lateral trench; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; pt vsc, pterygoid ventral sulcus; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sp, supraoccipital; ssd, supraoccipital semicircular depressions; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tgn, passage of the trigeminal nerve (V); tmp, 'tympanic process' of Cox (1959); us, U-shaped suture; uz, unossified zone; ve, vestibular area. Scale bars equal 5 mm, except for (G) which equals to 1 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-F), the third for (G), the fourth for (H-L) and the fifth for (M-P).

Figure 10 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 10. Fossil occurrences of C. picta through time, with the modern range shown in darker grey (see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of 'C.' aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as 'C.' aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007).

Figure 8 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50.

Figure 7 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale.

Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material. A, I, L, C in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material. A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material: A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 11 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 11. Life reconstruction of Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. at the Gray Fossil Site in north-eastern Tennessee during the latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene by Sergey Krasovskiy.

Figure 4 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 4. Chrysemys picta (ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Figure 3 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale.

Figure 1 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 1. North American map showing modern distribution of C. picta, separated out by different subspecies, and highlighting the fossil localities of several Chrysemys species. A, current distribution of C. p. bellii; B, current distribution of C. p. marginata; C, current distribution of C. p. picta; D, current distribution of C. p. dorsalis; E, intergradation zone of C. p. bellii and C. p. marginata; F, intergradation zone of C. p. marginata and C. p. picta; G, intergradation zone of C. p. dorsalis and C. p. picta. Abbreviations: Ca, type locality of C. antiqua; Cc, type locality of Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov.; Ct, type locality of C. timida; Cw, type locality of 'C.' aeilliamsi.

Figure 2 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Figure 9 in A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles

Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50.