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6,861 results for “Animation”
Data from: Temporal dynamics in animal community assembly during post-logging succession in boreal forest
Species assemblages can result from deterministic processes, such as niche differentiation and interspecific interactions, and from stochastic processes, such as random colonisation and extinction events. Although changes in animal communities following disturbances have been widely examined, few studies have investigated the mechanisms structuring communities during ecological succession. We assessed the impact of logging on small mammal and beetle assemblages in landscapes dominated by old-growth boreal forests. Our objectives were to 1) characterize variations in communities during the first 66 years of post-harvest forest succession, 2) determine if there are non-random patterns of species co-occurrence (i.e., deterministic processes), and if there are, 3) establish whether non-random co-occurrences are best explained by habitat attributes or by interspecific interactions. We captured small mammals and beetles along a gradient of forest succession (5-66 years) and in old-growth forest, and characterized key vegetation attributes. First, we tested whether community compositions in clear-cut stands became similar to those in natural stands after 66 years. We then used null models, which were either unconstrained or constrained by habitat attributes, to address the last two objectives and distinguish effects of vegetation attributes from interspecific interactions on community assembly. We showed that beetle assemblages differed in stands 21-30 years post-harvest compared to old-growth forests. In contrast, harvesting did not influence the composition of small mammal communities. Overall, our results suggest that community assembly during forest succession is driven by both stochastic and deterministic processes, the latter being linked to interspecific interactions more strongly than to vegetation attributes.
Data from: Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models
Use of accelerometers is now widespread within animal biologging as they provide a means of measuring an animal's activity in a meaningful and quantitative way where direct observation is not possible. In sequential acceleration data, there is a natural dependence between observations of behaviour, a fact that has been largely ignored in most analyses. Analyses of acceleration data where serial dependence has been explicitly modelled have largely relied on hidden Markov models (HMMs). Depending on the aim of an analysis, an HMM can be used for state prediction or to make inferences about drivers of behaviour. For state prediction, a supervised learning approach can be applied. That is, an HMM is trained to classify unlabelled acceleration data into a finite set of pre-specified categories. An unsupervised learning approach can be used to infer new aspects of animal behaviour when biologically meaningful response variables are used, with the caveat that the states may not map to specific behaviours. We provide the details necessary to implement and assess an HMM in both the supervised and unsupervised learning context and discuss the data requirements of each case. We outline two applications to marine and aerial systems (shark and eagle) taking the unsupervised learning approach, which is more readily applicable to animal activity measured in the field. HMMs were used to infer the effects of temporal, atmospheric and tidal inputs on animal behaviour. Animal accelerometer data allow ecologists to identify important correlates and drivers of animal activity (and hence behaviour). The HMM framework is well suited to deal with the main features commonly observed in accelerometer data and can easily be extended to suit a wide range of types of animal activity data. The ability to combine direct observations of animal activity with statistical models, which account for the features of accelerometer data, offers a new way to quantify animal behaviour and energetic expenditure and to deepen our insights into individual behaviour as a constituent of populations and ecosystems.
Data from: Evolution of diet across the animal Tree of Life
What an animal eats is a fundamental aspect of its biology, but the evolution of diet has not been studied across animal phylogeny. Here, we performed a large-scale phylogenetic analysis to address three unresolved questions about the evolution of animal diets. (i) Are diets conserved across animal phylogeny? (ii) Does diet influence rates of species proliferation (diversification) among animal phyla? (iii) What was the ancestral diet of animals and major animal clades? We analyzed diet data for 1,087 taxa, proportionally sampled among animal phyla based on the relative species richness of phyla. Our survey suggests that across animals, carnivory is most common (~63%), herbivory less common (~32%), and omnivory relatively rare (~3%). Despite considerable controversy over whether ecological traits are conserved or labile, we found strong conservatism in diet over extraordinarily deep timescales. We found that diet is unrelated to rates of species diversification across animal phyla, contrasting with previous studies showing that herbivory increased diversification within some important groups (e.g. crustaceans, insects, mammals). Finally, we estimated that the ancestor of all animals was most likely carnivorous, as were many major phyla (e.g. arthropods, mollusks, chordates). Remarkably, our results suggest that many carnivorous species living today may have maintained this diet through a continuous series of carnivorous ancestors for >800 million years.
Data from: Incorporating animal spatial memory in step selection functions
Memory is among the most important and neglected forces that shapes animal movement patterns. Research on the movement-memory interface is crucial to understand how animals use spatial learning to navigate across space because memory-biased navigation is directly linked to animals' space use and home range behaviour; however, because memory cannot be measured directly, it is difficult to account for. Here, we incorporated spatial memory into Step Selection Functions (SSF) to understand how resource selection and spatial memory affect space use of feral hogs (Sus scrofa). We used Biased Random Bridge kernel estimates linked to residence time as a surrogate for memory and tested four conceptually different dynamic maps of spatial memory. We applied this memory-based SSF to a data set of hog relocations to evaluate the importance of land cover type, time of day, and spatial memory on the animals' space use. Our approach has shown how the incorporation of spatial memory into animal movement models can improve estimates of habitat selection. Memory-based SSF provided a feasible way to gain insight into how animals use spatial learning to guide their movement decisions. We found that while hogs selected forested areas and water bodies and avoided grasslands during the day (primarily at noon), they had a strong tendency to select previously visited areas, mainly those held in recent memory. Beyond actively updating their memory with recent experiences, hogs were able to discriminate among spatial memories encoded at different circadian phases of their activity. Even though hogs are thought to have long memory retention, they likely relied on recent experiences because the local food resources are quickly depleted and slowly renewed, yielding an uncertain spatial distribution of resources.
Data from: Smart nest box: a tool and methodology for monitoring of cavity-dwelling animals
1.Camera recording and video analysis have emerged as a successful non-invasive method for collecting a wide range of biological data on many different taxa of animals. However, camera monitoring has rarely been applied to long term surveillance of cavity or box-nesting species and ordinary off-the-shelf cameras are employed. 2.We present methodology and data on the effectiveness of nest box monitoring using a camera system embedded in four "smart nest boxes" (SNBoxes). We applied the SNBoxes to eight Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus) nests in the Czech Republic during a five-month period in 2014. Each SNBox consisted of a pair of cameras with infrared lighting, an event detector, a radio-frequency identification reader, auxiliary sensors, and a 60 Ah 12 V battery to power the whole system. All devices used were centrally managed by an embedded computer with specifically developed software. 3.Using four SNBoxes, we observed owl nesting continually during the incubation, nestling, and fledgling phases, in total 309 days, resulting in 3382 owl video events. Batteries were changed every 6.5 days. A memory of 4 GB was found sufficient to store monthly data. We identified 12 types of male and female parental activities and their timing, the diet composition and frequency of prey delivery, the manner of prey storage, the light intensity at the time of each parental activity, the temperature inside the clutch and outside the box, and the duration of nestling period of each young. We also produced a video on owl nesting for the general public. 4.The SNBox and related methodology show enormous potential as a non-invasive tool for monitoring animals using boxes or natural cavities. The main advantage of the SNBox is the possibility to study both nocturnal and diurnal animal species and great flexibility in use of the software and hardware for different tasks. As a result, the SNBox provides an opportunity for novel insights into the breeding, roosting, hibernating, and food storage activities of a wide range of cavity-living birds, mammals, and reptiles.
Data from: Overview of animal rabies in Kinshasa Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Introduction: Rabies is one of the major public health problems mostly affecting developing countries in Africa and Asia where 99.9% of all rabies related human deaths are recorded each year. In Democratic Republic of Congo, repeated outbreaks have been reported. Despite this, there is little reliable epidemiological data about rabies in the country for the development of effective control strategies. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Kinshasa Province during a period of five years (2009–2013) to describe the proportion of rabid animals and the species involved in rabies transmission and maintenance. The survey also aimed at describing the spatial-temporal distribution of rabies. To gather information, the daily registers of institutions involved in rabies diagnosis were reviewed and each rabies case was traced back to area of occurrence for collection of geographic coordinates. Results and Discussion: A total of 5,053 attacks were registered involving six animal species including dog, cat, monkey, rabbit, rat, and pig. Based on clinical observations, rabies was reported in dogs and cats while data obtained from the laboratory confirmed rabies cases included dogs, cats and a goat. The annual distribution showed a significant decrease of rabies cases from 2009 up to 2011 and a later increase up to 2013. There was no difference in rabies occurrence between seasons (p = 0.721). Rabies cases were three times higher in peri-urban zone than in urban zone OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 2.3–5.1). The positive proportion of rabies was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1–3) based on clinical evidence and 65.9% (95% CI: 50–79.5) for laboratory confirmed cases. Conclusion and Suggestion: This study confirms the endemicity of rabies in Kinshasa where occurrence of rabies cases was related to human population density and lifestyle. In order to control rabies, there is need to set up a surveillance program and implement efficient mass vaccination campaigns of susceptible animals.
Data from: Determinants of early survival in marine animal genera
Genera by their very nature are expected to be monotypic and geographically and environmentally restricted at their origin, and most genera do not endure past their stage of first appearance. At the same time, those genera that do endure have a capacity to expand greatly in geographic range, environmental breadth, and species richness. Here we ask what it is that allows some genera and not others to survive past their inception. Using occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, we find that initial geographic range has the strongest effect on survival, followed by environmental breadth, with the effect of species richness weaker on average. The effect of geographic range is strongest if measured as the distances spanned by the occurrences of a genus rather than the number of distinct areas in which a genus lives. We document substantial secular variation in selectivity of early survival. The most striking aspect of this variation is that survival is only weakly selective among genera that first appear during the Mesozoic. By following genera beyond their stage of first appearance, we find that selectivity with respect to all factors becomes systematically stronger as cohorts age and genera become more differentiated in range, breadth, and richness. This may help account for a previously identified statistical effect of genus age on the chances of survival.
The integrin-mediated adhesive complex in the ancestor of animals, fungi, and amoebae
<p>Integrins are transmembrane receptors that activate signal transduction pathways upon extracellular matrix binding. The integrin-mediated adhesive complex (IMAC) mediates various cell physiological processes. Although the IMAC was thought to be specific to animals, in the past ten years these complexes were discovered in other lineages of Obazoa, the group containing animals, fungi, and several microbial eukaryotes. Very recently, many genomes and transcriptomes from Amoebozoa (the eukaryotic supergroup sister to Obazoa), other obazoans, and orphan protist lineages, the eukaryotes' closest prokaryotic relatives, have become available. To increase the resolution of where and when IMAC proteins exist and have emerged, we surveyed these newly available genomes and transcriptomes for the presence of IMAC proteins. Our results highlight that many of these proteins appear to have evolved earlier in eukaryote evolution than previously thought and that co-option of this apparently ancient protein complex was key to the emergence of animal-type multicellularity. The role of the IMACs in amoebozoans is unknown, but they play critical adhesive roles in at least some unicellular organisms.</p>
Data from: ECOALIM: a dataset of environmental impacts of feed ingredients used in French animal production
Feeds contribute highly to environmental impacts of livestock products. Therefore, formulating low-impact feeds requires data on environmental impacts of feed ingredients with consistent perimeters and methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA). We created the ECOALIM dataset of life cycle inventories (LCIs) and associated impacts of feed ingredients used in animal production in France. It provides several perimeters for LCIs (field gate, storage agency gate, plant gate and harbour gate) with homogeneously collected data from French R&D institutes covering the 2005–2012 period. The dataset of environmental impacts is available as a Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet on the ECOALIM website and provides climate change, acidification, eutrophication, non-renewable and total cumulative energy demand, phosphorus demand, and land occupation. LCIs in the ECOALIM dataset are available in the AGRIBALYSE® database in SimaPro® software. The typology performed on the dataset classified the 149 average feed ingredients into categories of low impact (co-products of plant origin and minerals), high impact (feed-use amino acids, fats and vitamins) and intermediate impact (cereals, oilseeds, oil meals and protein crops). Therefore, the ECOALIM dataset can be used by feed manufacturers and LCA practitioners to investigate formulation of low-impact feeds. It also provides data for environmental evaluation of feeds and animal production systems. Included in AGRIBALYSE® database and SimaPro®, the ECOALIM dataset will benefit from their procedures for maintenance and regular updating. Future use can also include environmental labelling of commercial products from livestock production.
Vintage Animal Hide Shield
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Animation bâtière SP30.18
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Smashing Animation
Simple wall smashing animation Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Dougong with animation
Common structures in ancient Chinese architecture. An animation with disassembly and installation. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Exposure to high endotoxin concentration increases wheezing prevalence among laboratory animal workers: a cross-sectional study
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria are found in different concentrations in dust and on the ground of laboratories dealing with small animals and animal houses. <strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study performed in workplaces of two universities. Dust samples were collected from laboratories and animal facilities housing rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or hamsters and analyzed by the “<em>Limulus amebocyte lysate</em>” (LAL) method. We also sampled workplaces without animals. The concentrations of endotoxin detected in the workplaces were tested for association with wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma defined by self-reported diagnosis and asthma confirmed by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to mannitol. <strong>Results: </strong>Dust samples were obtained at 145 workplaces, 92 with exposure to animals and 53 with no exposure. Exposed group comprised 412 subjects and non-exposed group comprised 339 subjects. Animal-exposed workplaces had higher concentrations of endotoxin, median of 34.2 endotoxin units (EU) per mg of dust (interquartile range, 12.6-65.4), as compared to the non-exposed group, median of 10.2 EU/mg of dust (interquartile range, 2.6-22.2) (p < 0.001). The high concentration of endotoxin (above median, 20.4 EU/mg) was associated with increased wheezing prevalence (p < 0.001), i.e. 61% of workers exposed to high endotoxin concentration reported wheezing in the last 12 months compared to 29% of workers exposed to low endotoxin concentration. The concentration of endotoxin was not associated with asthma report or with BHR confirmed asthma. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exposure to endotoxin is associated with a higher prevalence of wheezing, but not with asthma as defined by the mannitol bronchial challenge test or by self-reported asthma. Preventive measures are necessary for these workers.</p>
Host-associated bacteria isolated from animals with chemosynthetic symbionts
<p>Phylogenetic affiliation of bacteria isolated from homogenates of gutless oligochaete worms (<em>Olavius</em> spp.) and from gill tissue of lucinid clams (<em>Loripes lucinalis</em>) and bathymodiolin mussles (<em>Bathymodiolus brooksi</em>).</p>
FIGURE 7. Entire animal. A, Pagurixus pulcher n in Two new species of Pagurixus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 7. Entire animal. A, Pagurixus pulcher n. sp., holotype female, SL 2.4 mm, CMNHZC 783; dorsal view, B, Pagurixus pulcher n. sp., paratype male, SL 2.7 mm, CMNHZC 1820, anterior view; C, Pagurixus longipes n. sp., holotype male, SL 2.4 mm, CMNHZC 638, dorsal view.
FIGURE 7. Bornella hermanni Angas, 1864. A–F, Living animals. A-E, Specimens from New South Wales. A in Systematics and preliminary phylogeny of Bornellidae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) based on morphological characters with description of four new species
FIGURE 7. Bornella hermanni Angas, 1864. A–F, Living animals. A-E, Specimens from New South Wales. A, Photo: J. Wyche (AM C. 126475); B, Photo: W.B. Rudman (AM C. 152056); C, Photo: W.B. Rudman (AM C. 138000); D, Photo: J. Fields (AM C. 113793); E, Photo: J. Fields (AM C. 108069). F. Marshall Islands, Photo: S. Johnson (CASIZ 175404).
FIGURE 16. Living animals. A–B in Systematics and preliminary phylogeny of Bornellidae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) based on morphological characters with description of four new species
FIGURE 16. Living animals. A–B, Bornella pele sp. nov. A, Hawaii, Kahoolawe Island, Halona Point, Photo: P. Fiene. B, Specimen from Japan, Photo: J. Imamoto. C–D, Bornella valdae sp. nov. South Africa, Natal, Oslo Beach. C, Photo: V. Fraser. D, Photo: L. Warren. E–F, Bornella johnsonorum sp. nov. Marshall Islands, Oceanside Ennubuj-Ennylabegan reef, Kwajalein Atoll, Photo: J. Johnson. G–H, Pseudobornella orientalis Baba, 1932. China, Luoyuan Bay, Photo: S. Xikum.
FIGURE 1. Living animals. A–B in Systematics and preliminary phylogeny of Bornellidae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) based on morphological characters with description of four new species
FIGURE 1. Living animals. A–B, Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848); A, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, South China Sea, Photo: T.M. Gosliner. B, Papua New Guinea, north coast, Madang, Photo: R.C. Willan. C–D, Bornella calcarata Mörch, 1863; C, Brazil, Photo: C.M. Cunha. D, Guarapi, Espiritu Santo, Brazil, Photo: J.P. Cauduro Filho. E, Bornella sarape Bertsch, 1980, Pacific coast of Mexico, Photo: A. Hermosillo. F, Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984, Japan, Ryukyu Island, Okinawa, Photo: R.F. Bolland. G, Bornella irvingi Edmunds and Preece, 1996, Pitcairn Islands, Photo: J. Jamieson. H, Bornella dotoides sp. nov. Papua New Guinea, north Madang, "The Quarry", Photo: T.M. Gosliner.
FIGURE 11 in The Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Giglio Island (Tuscany, Italy): Shell characters, live animals, and a molecular analysis of egg masses
FIGURE 11: Naticid egg masses collected on Giglio Island. A/a, Neverita josephinia (Campese Bay); B/b, probably Tectonatica rizzae (Pt. delle Secche); C/c, Notocochlis dillwynii (Pt. delle Secche); D/d, Notocochlis dillwynii (Cala dell´Allume); E/e, Notocochlis dillwynii (Fenaio); F/f, Tectonatica sagraiana (Campese Bay); G/g, Naticarius hebraeus (Pt. del Morto); H-I, egg capsules in egg masses of T. sagraiana (10 days old); J-K, egg capsules in egg masses of N. josephinia (1 day old).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.