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openCC0Jul 2017View details →

National Surface Water Survey: Eastern Lake Survey-Phase II Combined datasets: Spring (SPSFIM01), Summer (SUSFIM01), Fall (FASFIM01), Summer Chlorophyll (SUSCHLA), and Bathymetry data (BATHYM_M), 1986

The Eastern Lake Survey-Phase II (ELS-II), conducted in the spring, summer and fall of 1986. The focus of ELS-II was on the northeastern United States. ELS-II involved the resampling of a subset of lakes in the northeastern United States sampled in ELS-I to determine chemical variability and biological status. Furthermore, within-indexed period variability was examined in the fall of 1986 to provide insight concerning the ability to detect chemical changes over time, and the precision of the estimates of the number of acidic lakes from Phase I. The primary objectives of ELS-II were (1) to assess the sampling error associated with the ELS-I fall index sample, (2) to estimate the number of lakes with low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) (i.e. potentially susceptible) that are not acidic in the fall but that are acidic in other seasons, and (3) to establish seasonal water chemistry characteristics among lakes. This data set is part of the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) and the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). The data set contributes to the quantification of the extent, location, and characteristics of sensitive and acidic lakes and streams in the eastern United States sampled during the spring, summer and fall seasons.

openOpenJan 2020View details →

Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, (M)SAVI image of 2003 ASTER image

Modified Soil-Adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) produced from the 2003 ASTER image. MSAVI is a means of monitoring density and vigour of green vegetation growth using the spectral reflectivity of solar radiation. It is specifically designed for areas with low vegetation, such as arid lands, where soil reflectance in the signal is high. The index is intended to minimize the effect of bare soil.

openCustomMar 2017View details →

Numerical (No m-3) concentrations (mg m-3) of subsurface microplastic debris collected by bongo net aboard the Scripps Environmental Accumulation of Plastic Expedition (SEAPLEX) cruise, August 2009.

Microplastic was collected using a standard bongo net tow. Each sample was sorted at 6-12x magnification under a Wild M-5 dissecting microscope, and plastic particles and removed for further analysis. Plastic particles were soaked in deionized water to remove salts, dried at 60°C, and stored in a desiccator. Dry mass was measured on an analytical balance. Particles were then digitally imaged with a Zooscan digital scanner (Gorsky et al. 2010). The total number of particles was measured using NIH ImageJ-based tools in the Zooprocess software, calibrated against manual measurements (Gilfillan et al. 2009, Gorsky et al. 2010)

openCustomMar 2017View details →

Palmer Station VERTEX-style Sediment Trap measurements, 50 m depth, 2012-2013

Measurements were made using moored VERTEX-style particle interceptor tube (PIT) sediment traps deployed at a depth of 50-m at stations B and E near Palmer Station between Nov. 2012 and Apr. 2013. Sediment trap contents was measured to determine fluxes of POC, PN, and Th-234 on two size fractions (>200 and <200 micron). Note that these are operational size classes and may not directly coincide with the size of aggregates that may have been sinking in the water column. For more details, please see Stukel et al. (in review, Global Biogeochemical Cycles).

NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) CLIMATE Total Precipitable Water

NVAP_CLIMATE_Total-Precipitable-Water data set is designed to provide the most stable water vapor dataset over time for use in climate applications. NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) Climate only includes data from stable instruments that have undergone intercalibration efforts to ensure consistency between data from the same instrument flying on multiple satellite platforms. The new NVAP data sets are produced under the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) program and is named NVAP-M. It supersedes the previous NVAP data set. NVAP-M continues the legacy of providing high-quality, model-independent global estimates of total column and layered water vapor. The use of improved, intercalibrated data sets and algorithms that were not available for the heritage NVAP data set results in an improved and extended water vapor data set that is stable enough for climate research and of a resolution appropriate for studies on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The true value of NVAP-M will be seen in outcomes from applied and research users of the data set in various fields. Some initial NVAP-M findings are presented in Vonder Haar et al. (2012). In addition to the time-dependent artifacts present in the previous NVAP data set, a wealth of new data has become available since the last NVAP processing in 2003. These include an additional SSM/I instrument, additional NOAA satellites, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua Satellite, which carries the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), as well as water vapor information from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This extension and reprocessing effort increases the temporal coverage from 14 to 22 (1988-2009) years, making the data set more useful and consistent for investigation of the long-term trends which are hypothesized to occur as Earth warms. In addition to the long-standing daily, 1-degree gridded Total Precipitable Water (TPW) and layered Precipitable Water (PW) products, NVAP-M includes additional products geared towards different scientific needs. Three separate processing streams produced products directed towards specific research goals. These are NVAP-M Climate, designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications, and NVAP-M Weather, designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Additionally, an ocean-only (NVAP-M Ocean) version includes only data from the SSM/I and is intended to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets.

EMIT L2A Estimated Surface Reflectance and Uncertainty and Masks 60 m V001

The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) instrument measures surface mineralogy, targeting the Earth’s arid dust source regions. EMIT is installed on the International Space Station (ISS) and uses imaging spectroscopy to take mineralogical measurements of sunlit regions of interest between 52° N latitude and 52° S latitude. An interactive map showing the regions being investigated, current and forecasted data coverage, and additional data resources can be found on the VSWIR Imaging Spectroscopy Interface for Open Science (VISIONS) [EMIT Open Data Portal](https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/data/data-portal/coverage-and-forecasts/).The EMIT Level 2A Estimated Surface Reflectance and Uncertainty and Masks (EMITL2ARFL) Version 1 data product provides surface reflectance data in a spatially raw, non-orthocorrected format. Each EMITL2ARFL granule consists of three Network Common Data Format 4 (NetCDF4) files at a spatial resolution of 60 meters (m): Reflectance (EMIT_L2A_RFL), Reflectance Uncertainty (EMIT_L2A_RFLUNCERT), and Reflectance Mask (EMIT_L2A_MASK). The Reflectance file contains surface reflectance maps of 285 bands with a spectral range of 381-2493 nanometers (nm) at a spectral resolution of ~7.5 nm, which are held within a single science dataset layer (SDS). The Reflectance Uncertainty file contains uncertainty estimates about the reflectance captured as per-pixel, per-band, posterior standard deviations. The Reflectance Mask file contains six binary flag bands and two data bands. The binary flag bands identify the presence of features including clouds, water, and spacecraft which indicate if a pixel should be excluded from analysis. The data bands contain estimates of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor.Each NetCDF4 file holds a location group containing a geometric lookup table (GLT) which is an orthorectified image that provides relative x and y reference locations from the raw scene to allow for projection of the data. Along with the GLT layers, the files will also contain latitude, longitude, and elevation layers. The latitude and longitude coordinates are presented using the World Geodetic System (WGS84) ellipsoid. The elevation data was obtained from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission v3 (SRTM v3) data and resampled to EMIT’s spatial resolution.Each granule is approximately 75 kilometers (km) by 75 km, nominal at the equator, with some granules at the end of an orbit segment reaching 150 km in length.Known Issues:* Data acquisition gap: From September 13, 2022, through January 6, 2023, a power issue outside of EMIT caused a pause in operations. Due to this shutdown, no data were acquired during that timeframe.* Possible Reflectance Discrepancies: Due to changes in computational architecture, EMITL2ARFL reflectance data produced after December 4, 2024, with Software Build 010621 and onward may show discrepancies in reflectance of up to 0.8% in extreme cases in some wavelengths as compared to values in previously processed data. These discrepancies are generally lower than 0.8% and well within estimated uncertainties. Between earlier builds and Build 010621, neither resulting output should be interpreted as more ‘correct’ than the other, as their results are simply convergence differences from an optimization search. Most users are unlikely to observe the impact.

NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) OCEAN Total Precipitable Water

NVAP_OCEAN_Total-Precipitable-Water data set includes only data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and intends to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets. The data set is used for studies of climate change, interannual variability, and independent comparison to other ocean-only data sets. The new NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP) data sets are produced under the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) program and is named NVAP-M. It supersedes the previous NVAP data set. NVAP-M continues the legacy of providing high-quality, model-independent global estimates of total column and layered water vapor. The use of improved, intercalibrated data sets and algorithms that were not available for the heritage NVAP data set results in an improved and extended water vapor data set that is stable enough for climate research and of a resolution appropriate for studies on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The true value of NVAP-M will be seen in outcomes from applied and research users of the data set in various fields. Some initial NVAP-M findings are presented in Vonder Haar et al. (2012). In addition to the time-dependent artifacts present in the previous NVAP data set, a wealth of new data has become available since the last NVAP processing in 2003. These include an additional SSM/I instrument, additional NOAA satellites, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua Satellite, which carries the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), as well as water vapor information from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This extension and reprocessing effort increases the temporal coverage from 14 to 22 (1988-2009) years, making the data set more useful and consistent for investigation of the long-term trends which are hypothesized to occur as Earth warms. In addition to the long-standing daily, 1-degree gridded Total Precipitable Water (TPW) and layered Precipitable Water (PW) products, NVAP-M includes additional products geared towards different scientific needs. Three separate processing streams produced products directed towards specific research goals. These are NVAP-M Climate, designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications, and NVAP-M Weather, designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Additionally, an ocean-only (NVAP-M Ocean) version includes only data from the SSM/I and is intended to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets.

NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) CLIMATE Layered Precipitable Water

NVAP_CLIMATE_Layered-Precipitable-Water data set is designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications. NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) Climate only includes data from stable instruments that have undergone intercalibration efforts to ensure consistency between data from the same instrument flying on multiple satellite platforms. The new NVAP data sets are produced under the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) program and is named NVAP-M. It supersedes the previous NVAP data set. NVAP-M continues the legacy of providing high-quality, model-independent global estimates of total column and layered water vapor. The use of improved, intercalibrated data sets and algorithms that were not available for the heritage NVAP data set results in an improved and extended water vapor data set that is stable enough for climate research and of a resolution appropriate for studies on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The true value of NVAP-M will be seen in outcomes from applied and research users of the data set in various fields. Some initial NVAP-M findings are presented in Vonder Haar et al. (2012). In addition to the time-dependent artifacts present in the previous NVAP data set, a wealth of new data has become available since the last NVAP processing in 2003. These include an additional SSM/I instrument, additional NOAA satellites, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua Satellite, which carries the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), as well as water vapor information from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This extension and reprocessing effort increases the temporal coverage from 14 to 22 (1988-2009) years, making the data set more useful and consistent for investigation of the long-term trends which are hypothesized to occur as Earth warms. In addition to the long-standing daily, 1-degree gridded Total Precipitable Water (TPW) and layered Precipitable Water (PW) products, NVAP-M includes additional products geared towards different scientific needs. Three separate processing streams produced products directed towards specific research goals. These are NVAP-M Climate, designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications, and NVAP-M Weather, designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Additionally, an ocean-only (NVAP-M Ocean) version includes only data from the SSM/I and is intended to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets.

NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) WEATHER Layered Precipitable Water

NVAP_WEATHER_Layered-Precipitable-Water data set is designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Land GPS sites were added beginning in 1997. The new NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP) data sets are produced under the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) program and is named NVAP-M. It supersedes the previous NVAP data set. NVAP-M continues the legacy of providing high-quality, model-independent global estimates of total column and layered water vapor. The use of improved, intercalibrated data sets and algorithms that were not available for the heritage NVAP data set results in an improved and extended water vapor data set that is stable enough for climate research and of a resolution appropriate for studies on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The true value of NVAP-M will be seen in outcomes from applied and research users of the data set in various fields. Some initial NVAP-M findings are presented in Vonder Haar et al. (2012). In addition to the time-dependent artifacts present in the previous NVAP data set, a wealth of new data has become available since the last NVAP processing in 2003. These include an additional SSM/I instrument, additional NOAA satellites, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua Satellite, which carries the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), as well as water vapor information from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This extension and reprocessing effort increases the temporal coverage from 14 to 22 (1988-2009) years, making the data set more useful and consistent for investigation of the long-term trends which are hypothesized to occur as Earth warms. In addition to the long-standing daily, 1-degree gridded Total Precipitable Water (TPW) and layered Precipitable Water (PW) products, NVAP-M includes additional products geared towards different scientific needs. Three separate processing streams produced products directed towards specific research goals. These are NVAP-M Climate, designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications, and NVAP-M Weather, designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Additionally, an ocean-only (NVAP-M Ocean) version includes only data from the SSM/I and is intended to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets.

EMIT L1B At-Sensor Calibrated Radiance and Geolocation Data 60 m V001

NASA Water Vapor Project MEaSUREs (NVAP-M) NVAP WEATHER Total Precipitable Water

NVAP_WEATHER_Total-Precipitable-Water data set is designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. The new NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP) data sets are produced under the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) program and is named NVAP-M. It supersedes the previous NVAP data set. NVAP-M continues the legacy of providing high-quality, model-independent global estimates of total column and layered water vapor. The use of improved, intercalibrated data sets and algorithms that were not available for the heritage NVAP data set results in an improved and extended water vapor data set that is stable enough for climate research and of a resolution appropriate for studies on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The true value of NVAP-M will be seen in outcomes from applied and research users of the data set in various fields. Some initial NVAP-M findings are presented in Vonder Haar et al. (2012). In addition to the time-dependent artifacts present in the previous NVAP data set, a wealth of new data has become available since the last NVAP processing in 2003. These include an additional SSM/I instrument, additional NOAA satellites, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)-Aqua Satellite, which carries the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), as well as water vapor information from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. This extension and reprocessing effort increases the temporal coverage from 14 to 22 (1988-2009) years, making the data set more useful and consistent for investigation of the long-term trends which are hypothesized to occur as Earth warms. In addition to the long-standing daily, 1-degree gridded Total Precipitable Water (TPW) and layered Precipitable Water (PW) products, NVAP-M includes additional products geared towards different scientific needs. Three separate processing streams produced products directed towards specific research goals. These are NVAP-M Climate, designed to provide the most stable water vapor data set over time for use in climate applications, and NVAP-M Weather, designed to provide higher spatial and temporal resolution products for use in studies on shorter time scales as well as weather case studies. Additionally, an ocean-only (NVAP-M Ocean) version includes only data from the SSM/I and is intended to mirror other available SSM/I-only water vapor data sets.

Figure 6 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 6 Live animals, Onchidium melakenseA dorsal view, holotype, 45 mm long [5979], Peninsular Malaysia (USMMC 00075) B dorsal view, 30 mm long [5978], Peninsular Malaysia (USMMC 00076) C dorsal view, 35 mm long [5981], Peninsular Malaysia (USMMC 00076) D dorsal view, 35 mm long [1769], Sumatra (UMIZ 00001) E ventral view, same as A F ventral view, same as C G dorsal view, 40 mm long [1771], Sumatra (UMIZ 00001).

Figure 3 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 3 Diagram to help visualize pairwise genetic distances between COI sequences within and between Onchidium species (Table 2). Ranges of minimum to maximum distances are indicated (in percentages). For instance, the intra-specific divergences within O. typhae are between 0.1 and 0.4%, while the inter-specific divergences between O. typhae and the three other species are between 10.9 and 14.3%. Overall, the distance gap between all four Onchidium species is between 3.2 and 8.6%. The colors used for each Onchidium species are the same as those used in Figs 1, 2, and 4.

Figure 2 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 2 Consensus tree showing relationships between Onchidium individuals based on concatenated nuclear ITS2 and 28S sequences. Numbers by the nodes are the bootstrap values (Maximum Parsimony analysis); only significant numbers (> 50%) are indicated. All other sequences serve as outgroups. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and Table 1. The colors used for each Onchidium species are the same as those used in Figs 1, 3, and 4.

Figure 13 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 13 Types of intestinal loops in the genus Onchidium. Small black arrows indicate the direction of the intestinal transport, which starts in the blue loop. A blue loop turns clockwise. A yellow loop turns counterclockwise. A green loop is transitional in between a blue loop and a yellow loop. The orientation of the transitional (green) loop is indicated with a red arrow. Details on individuals of O. reevesii, O. typhae, O. stuxbergi can be found in Dayrat et al. (2016)AO. typhae, type II with a transitional loop at 9 o'clock, [1007] BO. typhae, type II with a transitional loop at 8 o'clock (from Dayrat et al. 2016: fig. 5E) CO. stuxbergi, type III with a transitional loop at 3 o'clock (from Dayrat et al. 2016: fig. 11B) DO. stuxbergi, type III with a transitional loop at 1 o'clock, (PNM 041200) EO. stuxbergi, type III with a transitional loop at 8 o'clock, [5605] FO. reevesii, holotype, type III with a transitional loop at 2 o'clock (from Dayrat et al. 2016: fig. 14A) GO. melakense, type III with a transitional loop at 1 o'clock, holotype [5979] (USMMC 00075) HO. melakense, type III with a transitional loop at 5 o'clock, [5978] (USMMC 00076). Scale bars: 3 mm (A, H), 5 mm (B, C, E–G), 4 mm (D).

Figure 12 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 12 Name-bearing types of Onchidium multinotatum and Onchidium pallidipesA digestive system, type III with a transitional loop at 2 o'clock (based on marks left by the intestine in the digestive gland), dorsal view, holotype, O. multinotatum (ZMB/Moll 240117) B digestive system, type III with a transitional loop at 2 o'clock, dorsal view, lectotype, O. pallidipes (NMNH 127328) C anterior, male, copulatory parts, lectotype, O. pallidipes (NMNH 127328). Abbreviations: ag accessory penial gland, dd deferent duct, ddg dorsal lobe of digestive gland, i intestine, pdg posterior lobe of the digestive gland, ps penial sheath, rg rectal gland, rm penial retractor muscle, st stomach, v vestibule. Scale bars: 3 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C).

Figure 11 from: Dayrat B, Goulding TC, Khalil M, Apte D, Tan SH (2019) A new species and new records of Onchidium slugs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) in South-East Asia. ZooKeys 892: 27-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.39524

Figure 11 Male, anterior, copulatory parts, Onchidium melakenseA, C Sumatra, [1723] (UMIZ 00001) B, E, F Peninsular Malaysia, holotype [5979] (USMMC 00075) D, G, H Peninsular Malaysia, holotype [5982] (USMMC 00076) A stalk and penial hooks B penial hook C penial hooks D flat disc at distal end of flagellum of penial accessory gland (the arrow indicates the hole through which the hollow spine protrudes) E hollow spine F hollow spine tip G hollow spine H hollow spine tip. Scale bars: 300 μm (A), 10 μm (B, C, F), 100 μm (D, G, H), 200 μm (E).