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FIGURE 6. Paraleptognathia australis ZMH K40580 a. Epignath, b. Maxillula, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 6. Paraleptognathia australis ZMH K40580 a. Epignath, b. Maxillula, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Paraleptognathia antarctica ZMH K40570 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body, lateral view. Scale bar 1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 3. Paraleptognathia antarctica ZMH K40570 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body, lateral view. Scale bar 1mm. c. Antennule, d. Antennule juvenile male, e. Antenna, f. Cheliped, g. Uropod, h. Pleopod, i. Pereopod 1, j. Pereopod 2, k. Pereopod 3, l. Pereopod 4, m. Pereopod 5, n. Pereopod 6. Scale bar 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 5. Paraleptognathia australis ZMH K40580 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 5. Paraleptognathia australis ZMH K40580 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1mm. c. Antennule, d. Antenna, e. Uropod, f. Cheliped, g. Pereopod 1, h. Pereopod 2, i. Pereopod 3, j. Pereopod 4, k. Pereopod 5, l. Pereopod 6, m. Pleopod. Scale bar 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 17. Paraleptoganthia multiserrata ZMUC CRU 7430 a. Cheliped. ZMB 27518 b. Mandibles, c. Maxillula, d. Maxilla, e. Epignath, f. Labium, g. Labrum, h. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.25 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 17. Paraleptoganthia multiserrata ZMUC CRU 7430 a. Cheliped. ZMB 27518 b. Mandibles, c. Maxillula, d. Maxilla, e. Epignath, f. Labium, g. Labrum, h. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.25 mm for a,d,e,f,g. Scale bar 0.1 mm for b,c,h.
FIGURE 4. Paraleptognathia antarctica ZMH K40570 a. Maxillula, b. Epignath, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 4. Paraleptognathia antarctica ZMH K40570 a. Maxillula, b. Epignath, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 14. Paraleptognathia longiremis ZMH K40542 a. Cheliped, b. Antennule, c. Antenna, d. Uropod, e. Pleopod, f. Pereopod 1, g. Pereopod 2, h. Pereopod 3, i. Pereopod 4, j. Pereopod 5, k. Pereopd 6. Scale bar 0.25 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 14. Paraleptognathia longiremis ZMH K40542 a. Cheliped, b. Antennule, c. Antenna, d. Uropod, e. Pleopod, f. Pereopod 1, g. Pereopod 2, h. Pereopod 3, i. Pereopod 4, j. Pereopod 5, k. Pereopd 6. Scale bar 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 21. Paraleptognathia multiserratoides ZMH K40609 a. Maxillula, b. Epignath, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 21. Paraleptognathia multiserratoides ZMH K40609 a. Maxillula, b. Epignath, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8. Paraleptognathia brachiata ZMUC CRU 3738 a. Maxillula, b. Labrum, c. Mandibles, d. Labium, e. Epignath, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 8. Paraleptognathia brachiata ZMUC CRU 3738 a. Maxillula, b. Labrum, c. Mandibles, d. Labium, e. Epignath, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 11. Paraleptognathia inermis ZMUC CRU 6821 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 11. Paraleptognathia inermis ZMUC CRU 6821 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1mm. ZMH K40536 c. Antennule, d. Antenna, e. Pleopod, f. Uropod, g. Cheliped, h. Pereopod 1, i. Pereopod 2, j. Pereopod 3, k. Pereopod 4, l. Pereopod 5, m. Pereopod 6. Scale bar 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 12. Paraleptognathia inermis ZMH K40536 a. Epignath, b. Maxillula, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 12. Paraleptognathia inermis ZMH K40536 a. Epignath, b. Maxillula, c. Mandibles, d. Labrum, e. Labium, f. Maxilla, g. Maxilliped. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 9. Paraleptognathia gracilis ZMH K40589 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 9. Paraleptognathia gracilis ZMH K40589 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1mm. c. Antennule, d. Antenna, e. Uropod, f. Pleopod, g. Cheliped, h. Pereopod 1, i. Pereopod 2, j. Pereopod 3, k. Pereopod 4, l. Pereopod 5, m. Pereopod 6. Scale bar 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 13. Paraleptognathia longiremis ZMH K40542 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1 in A revision of the genus Paraleptognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1981 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and description of four new species
FIGURE 13. Paraleptognathia longiremis ZMH K40542 a. Body dorsal view, b. Body lateral view. Scale bar 1mm.
Data from: Evidence of large-scale range shift in the distribution of a Palaearctic migrant in Africa
Aim: Long-distance Palaearctic migrant birds are declining at a faster rate than short-distance migrant or resident species. This is often attributed to changes on their non-breeding grounds and along their migratory routes. The European Honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus) is a scarce migrant in southern Africa that is declining globally. This study assessed the distribution and abundance of honey-buzzards in southern Africa over the past four decades and compared it to trends in the East African population to examine possible drivers of population expansion in southern Africa. Location Southern and East Africa Methods European Honey-buzzard reporting data were collected from a variety of sources including citizen science databases (1983-2017). In addition, records of all other southern African vagrants (including ten other regularly occurring species) were gathered to account for changes in birdwatching effort in the sub-region. To assess the effect of forest loss on honey-buzzard abundance, rolling correlations were performed using forest cover in East Africa and number of honey-buzzard records in both sub-regions. Results European Honey-buzzard records in southern Africa have increased over five times more than other regularly occurring vagrant species and almost 40 times more than honey-buzzard in Tanzania, where the population has remained stable. Loss of forested area in East Africa was correlated with an increase in European Honey-buzzard records in southern Africa. Main conclusions We suggest that the European Honey-buzzard shift in wintering range may be driven by a decline in suitable habitat further north in Africa amongst other possible reasons. This effect may have been amplified by an increase in appropriate habitat across southern Africa brought about by anthropogenic changes to vegetation such as increased tree cover in urban areas. This study further highlights the importance of using African distributional data banks to understand the effects of global change on Palaearctic migrant bird species.
Data from: Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas
The exact timing, route, and process of the initial peopling of the Americas remains uncertain despite much research. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of humans as far as southern Chile by 14.6 thousand years ago (ka), shortly after the Pleistocene ice sheets blocking access from eastern Beringia began to retreat. Genetic estimates of the timing and route of entry have been constrained by the lack of suitable calibration points and low genetic diversity of Native Americans. We sequenced 92 whole mitochondrial genomes from pre-Columbian South American skeletons dating from 8.6 to 0.5 ka, allowing a detailed, temporally calibrated reconstruction of the peopling of the Americas in a Bayesian coalescent analysis. The data suggest that a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16.0 ka, following previous isolation in eastern Beringia for ~2.4 to 9 thousand years after separation from eastern Siberian populations. Following a rapid movement throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a marked phylogeographic structure of populations, which persisted through time. All of the ancient mitochondrial lineages detected in this study were absent from modern data sets, suggesting a high extinction rate. To investigate this further, we applied a novel principal components multiple logistic regression test to Bayesian serial coalescent simulations. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages.
Raw images for: The narrowing of dendrite branches across nodes follows a well-defined scaling law
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The systematic variation of diameters in branched networks has tantalized biologists since the discovery of da Vinci's rule for trees. Da Vinci's rule can be formulated as a power law with exponent two: the square of the mother branch's diameter is equal to the sum of the squares of those of the daughters. Power laws, with different exponents, have been proposed for branching in circulatory systems (Murray's law with exponent 3) and in neurons (Rall's law with exponent 3/2). The laws have been derived theoretically, based on optimality arguments, but, for the most part, have not been tested rigorously. Using super-resolution methods to measure the diameters of dendrites in highly branched <i>Drosophila</i> Class IV sensory neurons, we have found that these types of power laws do not hold. In their place, we have discovered a different diameter-scaling law: the cross-sectional area is proportional to the number of dendrite tips supported by the branch plus a constant, corresponding to a minimum diameter of the terminal dendrites. The area proportionality accords with a requirement for microtubules to transport materials and nutrients for dendrite tip growth. The minimum diameter may be set by the force, on the order of a few piconewtons, required to bend membrane into the highly curved surfaces of terminal dendrites. Because the observed scaling differs from Rall's law, we propose that cell biological constraints such as intracellular transport and protrusive forces generated by the cytoskeleton are important in determining the branched morphology of these cells.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Towards understanding the genetic basis of mouth asymmetry in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis
How polymorphisms consisting in left–right asymmetries are produced and maintained in natural populations is a tantalizing question, which remains largely unanswered. The scale-eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis is a remarkable example of extreme ecological specialization achieved by morphological and behavioural laterality. Its asymmetric mouth is accompanied by a pronounced lateralized foraging behaviour, where a left-bending morph preferentially feeds on the scales of the right side of its prey, while the opposite is true for the right morph. This striking asymmetry made this fish a textbook example of the astounding degree of ecological specialization and negative frequency-dependent selection. Yet, the genetic basis underlying this spectacular laterality remains unknown. We addressed this question through analyses of wild-caught fish using high-throughput DNA sequencing data. A novel array of SNP markers was developed by ddRAD sequencing (ddRADseq) and the use of pooled DNA samples (PoolSeq). We obtained more than 155 000 SNPs using ddRADseq and 3 900 000 SNPs with PoolSeq. Among these, we identified one (ddRAD) SNP, and 38 or 378 (PoolSeq) windows that are differentiated between the left and right morphs accounting for spurious associations due to geographic structuring. This allowed us to uncover candidate genomic regions that potentially contain genes for this trait. Then, this interesting trait has a genetic basis that is likely to be influenced by multiple loci. This result contributes to a greater understanding of the genetic bases of left–right asymmetry and, ultimately, the evolutionary processes governing the maintenance of this striking case of laterality.
Fine-scale variation in projected climate change presents opportunities for biodiversity conservation in Europe
<p>We use a multi-model ensemble of regional climate models to identify areas with significantly high and low climate stability persistent throughout the 21<sup>st</sup> century in Europe.</p> <p>Here we present a set of raster files that contain discrete zones of climatic stability and instability, also referred to as hotspots and coldspots. Our analysis of future climatic stability was based on projected changes of nine climate variables selected to proxy key aspects of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. The underlying climate projection, including different indices, are available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3952159#.YNWN_OgzaUl">https://zenodo.org/record/3952159#.YNWN_OgzaUl</a>. The cumulative change of all nine climate variables, termed Aggregate Climate Change (ACC), is used to identify regions of significantly higher or lower climatic stability (Getis-Ord Gi* p-value < 0.05) across Europe. We carry out this assessment at the continental and regional scales. While the continental assessment reports the large-scale latitudinal and orographic patterns of climatic stability, the regional assessment explores the residual ACC variation that remained after extracting the large-scale continental trend. The raster files present climatic features that were identified to persist in their location throughout the 21<sup>st</sup> century (i.e., in periods 2021-2040, 2041-2060, and 2061-2100) and were supported by a majority of climate projections considered in this study. Specifically, we considered five GCM-RCM pairs driven by two RCP scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The targeted areas of climatic stability were required to be confirmed by four out of five climate models nested within each RCP, at least.</p> <p>The used naming convention is as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Scale – Global, Regional</li> <li>Type of the zone – HotSpot (zone of significantly low climatic stability), ColdSpot (zone of significantly high climatic stability)</li> <li>Driving RCP scenario – RCP45, RCP85</li> </ul> <p>Raster files with RCP indicated in their name refer to either RCP4.5 or RCP8.5. These files contain two values referring to the presence (1) or absence (0) of climatic stability areas:</p> <p>Global_HotSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Global_HotSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Raster files without RCP code in their name contain combinations of both RCPs. The cell values indicate absence (0), presence in RCP4.5 OR RCP8.5 (1), or presence in RCP4.5 AND RCP8.5 (2) of climatic stability areas:</p> <p>Global_HotSpots</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots</p> <p>The format of raster files is tiff. All data are in the GCS_WGS_1984 geographic coordinate system.</p>
DATA_Diffusion-free scaling in rotating spherical RB convection
<p>Simulation details. All simulations are run at $Pr=1$ and $\eta=0.6$. The columns from left to right indicate: case number, Rayleigh number $Ra$, Rossby number $Ro$, the number of grid points in the longitudinal, radial, and co-latitudinal direction $N_\theta \times N_r \times N_\varphi$. A rotational symmetry order $n_s$ is applied to reduce computational costs, indicating the longitude of the computational domain as $2\pi/n_s$. The average heat transfer $Nu$ across the inner and the outer sphere, and the regional heat transfer across the outer sphere $Nu_{I,II,III}$ (see figure 3(b) of the manuscript). Note that region $\mathrm{II}$ and $\mathrm{III}$ are only defined when a maximum prograde velocity is identified.</p>
Scale-dependent shifts in functional and phylogenetic structure of Mediterranean island plant communities over two centuries
<p>1. Since the Industrial Revolution, the rapid global population and economic expansion has had tremendous impacts on biodiversity across spatial scales, especially for islands. While changes in species richness are easily inferred, the impact of human activity on the underlying community assembly processes has been difficult to ascertain because of lack of long-term community data.</p> <p>2. Here, we document how the manifestations of plant community assembly have changed over time and space in a Mediterranean archipelago, using a long-term dataset of plant species composition on 16 Tuscan islands sampled across two centuries. The community structure of Mediterranean island plant communities was assessed by integrating species' trait and evolutionary distances.</p> <p>3. We found that, with increasing island area, the functional and phylogenetic structure of plant communities shifted from clustered early (1830–1950) to overdispersed more recently (1951–2015). On large islands, extirpated species were generally more phylogenetically or functionally similar to remaining residents than expected by chance, while colonists were generally more distantly related to residents. The extinction of similar species and the colonization of dissimilar species drove plant communities towards overdispersion.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. We provide evidence that plant community assembly on islands has dramatically changed following increased human impacts during the last two centuries, and that this change is shaped by the scale dependency of species extinctions and colonizations. Our results reveal accelerated species replacements of closely related residents by distant colonists on large islands over time, reflecting changes in community assembly and which could alter the functioning of island ecosystems in the future. </p>
FIGURE 1. Lindsaea linduensis A. Habit, scale bar 5 in Lindsaea linduensis (Lindsaeaceae, Polypodiales), a new fern species from Sulawesi, Indonesia
FIGURE 1. Lindsaea linduensis A. Habit, scale bar 5 cm. B. Ultimate segment, scale bar 1 cm C. Rhizome scale, scale bar 1 mm. All from Cicuzza 891 (Z). Drawing by D. Cicuzza.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.