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Trophic transfer of Everglades marsh consumer biomass to Everglades Estuaries (FCE LTER), Everglades National Park, South Florida, USA, December 2010 to July 2013
We measured the trophic transfer of secondary consumer biomass from the Everglades marshes to the oligohaline reaches of the Shark River by sampling the diets of four common large bodied piscivorous fishes occurring at the marsh-estuary oligohaline ecotone. The four species sampled were Florida bass (Micropterus floridanus), bowfin (Amia calva), common snook (Centropomus undecimalis), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). We sampled diets via pulsed gastric lavage, a relatively non-lethal and effective sampling technique used to measure trophic interactions. We quantified trophic transfer of marsh biomass to the estuary when a focal piscivore consumed a prey species that was likely a migrant from adjacent marshes. A more detailed description of these methods can be found in citation #28. In the presented data, we combined estimates of relative abundance of piscivores from standardized electrofishing techniques (# of piscivores/ 100 meters of sampled shoreline) with biomass of marsh species consumed in the estuary to calculate the biomass (g) transferred to the estuary per 100 meters of shoreline. These values serve as our index of how much biomass is being exported off of the marsh to the estuary through consumer mediated habitat linkages. An important key finding from this work is that disturbance, in particular drought, can sever this biomass linkage, and conserve biomass export off of karstic wetlands to estuaries through of marsh secondary consumer trophic pathways.
Percentage of Carbon and Nitrogen of Soil Sediments from the Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough and Florida Bay within Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA, August 2008 - ongoing
These data represent the results of CHN Analysis from annual soil sampling from all 17 FCE LTER transect locations from Year 2008 thru ongoing. In 2017, the samples were collected before Hurricane Irma (2017a) and post Hurricane Irma (2017b). Surface soils from 0-10 cm been homogenized and analyzed from Sawgrass and mangrove sites and Florida Bay sites. Soils and sediments were analyzed for percentage by weight of total Carbon and Nitrogen with a PerkinElmer CHNS /O 2400 Series II Elemental Analyzer. These analyses are completed to document the differences in soil composition among transect sites, and to provide a baseline dataset against which long-term changes in the properties of the soils can be detected.
Dissolved Organic Carbon Stable Isotopes and Lignin Phenols from Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), South Florida, USA, January 2019 - ongoing
Estuarine and coastal waters are home to more than half of the world's population and provide many social and economic benefits to society. Additionally, these ecosystems are sites of intense carbon cycling and are under pressure from changing land uses and climate. DOM is functionally defined as the OM passed through a 0.7 µm borosilicate glass fiber filter (GF/F) and is primarily made up of viruses, bacteria, colloids, lignins, humic substances, organic acids, and other small organic compounds (Repeta, 2015). Approximately 50% of DOM is generally considered to be dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Stedmon and Nelson, 2015). Thus, DOC can be used as a proxy for quantifying DOM. Whole water samples were collected monthly from three different transects representing marl-dominated (Taylor Slough), peat-dominated (Shark River Slough), and seagrass-dominated (Florida Bay) environments. The water was filtered using 0.7 µm porosity glass fiber filters, then acidified to pH 2 and stored at 4°C until processing occurred. DOC concentration and the stable isotope ratio of DOC (δ13C-DOC) was measured on an OI Analytical TOC analyzer coupled to an Agilent Delta V plus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer using high-temperature combustion (Lalonde et al., 2014). Dissolved vanillyl (vanillin, acetovanillone, vanillin acid), syringyl (syringaldehyde, acetosyringone, syringic acid), cinnamyl (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid), and 3,5-hydroxybenzoic acid lignin phenols were isolated from ~2 liters of 0.7 µm filtered, acidified (pH 2) water by solid phase extraction (SPE) using 1g PPL cartridges that were pre-conditioned using pH 2 water and methanol. SPE cartridges were extracted using methanol, then dried and redissolved in 2N NaOH. Cupric oxide oxidation and liquid-liquid ethyl acetate extraction were used to extract lignin oxidation products (Hedges and Ertel, 1982, modified by Goñi and Hedges, 1995; Louchouarn et al., 2000; Goñi and Montgomery, 2000; Benner and Kaiser, 2011). Briefly, NaO
Stable isotope values of consumers, producers, and organic matter in the Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA, 2019 – ongoing
Wetland food webs have often been characterized as detrital-based ‘brown’ energy pyramids, whereas the relative role of autotrophic (‘green’) vs. microbial (‘brown’) energy sources falls along a continuum set by physical drivers, as well as autochthonous and allochthonous inputs (Moore et al. 2004; Evans-White & Halvorson 2017) that change with ecosystem development (Schmitz et al. 2006). In the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), metabolic imbalances, including the collapse of calcareous periphyton mats, begin with a loss of foundation species primary production and legacy organic matter (Gaiser et al. 2006). This process likely enhances heterotrophic microbial productivity (Schulte 2016) and the supply of detrital energy to consumers by changing bioavailable and recalcitrant carbon supplies (Baggett et al. 2013). A shift from complex periphyton communities to transient planktonic communities under elevated P exposure reduces habitat structure and animal refuges but increases ‘green’ energy supplies and edibility (Trexler et al. 2015; Naja et al. 2017). Multiple sites (n=9) within the FCE were selected to document changes in coastal food webs as a result of eutrophication and increasing hydrologic variability. The project began in 2019 and is currently ongoing. References: Baggett, L. P., Heck, K. L., Frankovich, T. A., Armitage, A. R., & Fourqurean, J. W. (2013). Stoichiometry, growth, and fecundity responses to nutrient enrichment by invertebrate grazers in sub-tropical turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows. Marine biology, 160, 169-180. Evans-White, M. A., and H. M. Halvorson. 2017. Comparing the Ecological Stoichiometry in Green and Brown Food Webs – A Review and Meta-analysis of Freshwater Food Webs. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1184. Gaiser, E. E., Childers, D. L., Jones, R. D., Richards, J. H., Scinto, L. J., & Trexler, J. C. (2006). Periphyton responses to eutrophication in the Florida Everglades: cross‐system patterns of structural and compositional cha
Water Quality Data (Rainfall-driven autosampler) from the Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA, June 2003 - ongoing
Water quality samples are being collected using ISCO autosamplers at all freshwater sites: SRS1a (not active), SRS1c (not active), SRS1d, SRS2, and SRS3. Rain level actuators are used at the sites to trigger water sampling after rain events exceed a given threshold of duration and/or intensity. As currently programmed, when a rain event at a site exceeds the threshold of 2.5 cm per hour, the autosampler at that site collects a 1000mL sample 30 minutes later. The samples are retrieved from the site every 3-4 weeks and analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and salinity. Salinity values were not taken consistently from 2000 to mid-2017; those values were replaced by -9999 in the data. See also Shark River Slough precipitation data package (knb-lter-fce.1092) and Shark River Slough extensive water quality data (knb-lter-fce.1072) on the FCE LTER website's data catalog or in the EDI repository.
Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Research Sites in Everglades National Park, Florida, USA, January 2003 - ongoing
The dataset includes shapefile point locations for all current and past Florida Coastal Everglades LTER sites along the two major drainages in Everglades National Park, Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough. Timothy Russell used a GeoExplorer 3 to record GPS coordinates at all FCE LTER research sites that existed in 2003. Michael Rugge added coordinates of FCE LTER research sites recorded after 2003 to the shapefile.
Sediment elevation measurements for 10 GCE-LTER sampling sites from December 2001 to December 2020
Soil surface elevation was measured in tidal marshes at 10 GCE-LTER sampling sites from December 2001 to December 2020 using a sediment elevation table method. The sites represent three estuaries of the Georgia coast (USA) that vary in delivery of freshwater and sediment. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of freshwater input on marsh accretion and subsidence. In 2013, rod SETs were added at site 11 and installed to replace broken SETs at sites 7 and 9 (which broke in 2012).
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2012
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2012 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced as needed in future years to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2013.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2013. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats. Data was collected at all GCE domain sites as well as one additional Zizaniopsis site (label SCZ2).
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2013
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2013 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2014
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2014 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2015
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2015 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Soil salinity at GCE-LTER vegetation monitoring plots in October 2015
Soil samples were collected in conjunction with Fall 2015 plant monitoring at half of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots in the creekbank and midmarsh zones at 10 GCE study sites. Pore-water salinity was determined by analysis of supernatant salinity in dried soil samples hydrated with a measured volume of deionized water.
Quarterly porewater salinity and conductivity measurements from the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) Project
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) is a large-scale field experiment designed to simulate saltwater intrusion in a tidal freshwater wetland to predict how chronic (Press) and acute (Pulse) salinization will affect this and other tidal freshwater ecosystems. Thirty porewater well samples were collected every 2-3 months from all 30 treatment plots using a peristalsis pump. Salinity, conductivity and water temperature were measured from the samples using a handheld conductivity/salinity meter.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2016
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2016 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2017
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2017 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
SALTEx soil oxidation-reduction (redox) potential measurements from the GCE LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) between July 2016 and March 2017
SALTEx (Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment) is a field experiment designed to simulate saltwater intrusion in a tidal freshwater wetland to predict how chronic (Press) and acute (Pulse) salinization will affect this and other tidal freshwater ecosystems. The SALTEx experiment was initiated in 2012 and consists of 31 field plots , each 2.5 m on a side. There are three treatments (Press, Pulse, and Fresh) and two types of controls (with and without sides), each consisting of six replicates. The Press treatment plots receive regular (4 times each week) additions of a mixture of seawater and fresh river water. Pulse plots receive the same mixture of seawater and river water during September and October, which is historically a time of low flow in the river when natural saltwater intrusion occurs. The Fresh treatment plots receive regular additions of fresh river water. Treatment water is added during low tide to facilitate its infiltration into the soil, and all plots are inundated by astronomical tides at high tide. Response measurements include porewater chemistry, specifically concentrations of chloride, sulfate, sulfide, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium-N, nitrate/nitrite-N, dissolved reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen ratio, organic-carbon:organic-nitrogen ratio, and pH.
Continuous groundwater well temperature, salinity and water level measurements at the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) site from May 2014 to February 2018
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) is a large-scale field experiment designed to simulate saltwater intrusion in a tidal freshwater wetland to predict how chronic (Press) and acute (Pulse) salinization will affect this and other tidal freshwater ecosystems. In order to characterize groundwater salinity, temperature, and plot flooding following experimental manipulation, unvented water pressure, temperature and conductivity were continuously measured in a PVC groundwater well installed at the SALTEx site. Measurements were made at the bottom of the well using a submerged Schlumberger CTD-Diver logger every 15 minutes from 30-May-2014 to 14-Feb-2018. In February 2016 a second CTD-Diver was deployed near the top of the well. Data were downloaded from the loggers using Diver Office communication software, then imported into MATLAB for post-processing, quality control and documentation. Raw, unvented pressure readings were corrected for atmospheric pressure and sensor height from the bottom of the well to generate corrected pressure readings, then water level, salinity and density were calculated from the measured variables using UNESCO algorithms. These data were collected as part of the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER SALTEx project (http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/send_project_eml.asp?id=73), and will be updated annually.
Cross-site comparison of historical trends in marsh change at three LTER sites: GCE, VCR, and PIE.
The data provided here are shapefiles which were generated from digitizing historical maps and aerial photographs for a cross site comparison of changes in marshes at the Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE), Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), and Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. This dataset includes shoreline shapefiles digitized for 3 time intervals at each site: 1930s/40s, 1950s/70s, and 2013 as well as a table of results from the shoreline change analysis. Centerlines for all the channels were generated from the shoreline shapefiles and are attributed with Strahler (1965) channel order and sinuosity. Additionally, this dataset includes shapefiles of important features (channels, upland, ponds, tidal flats) digitized for each of three sites at three time intervals.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2014.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2014. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
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