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1,154 results for “Extant”
Data from: A gravid fossil turtle from the Early Cretaceous reveals a different egg development strategy to that of extant marine turtles
Extant sea turtles develop and lay pliable (flexible) eggs, however, it is unknown if they inherited this reproductive strategy from their closer fossil relatives or corresponds to an evolutionary novelty. Here we describe the first undisputable gravid marine fossil turtle ever found, from the early Cretaceous of Colombia, belonging to Desmatochelys padillai Cadena and Parham, which constitutes a representative of Protostegidae. Using thin sectioning of one the eggs, as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental characterization, cathodoluminescence, and computer tomography we established that Desmatochelys padillai produced rigid eggs similar to the ones found in some extant and fossil freshwater and terrestrial turtles, and that at least 48 spherical eggs are preserved inside this gravid turtle. We performed also a phylogenetic analysis of several turtle taxa, including some of the extant marine species, plus the information from the gravid specimen of Desmatochelys padillai, and we found more support to previous ideas that egg and eggshell characters lack of strong phylogenetic signal amongst turtle taxa. We suggest that the development of rigid eggs in the marine extinct turtle Desmatochelys padillai resulted as an adaptation for eggs-embryos requirements dictated by the physical attributes of the nesting site
Data from: Early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: 'Symphyta') may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts
The insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 million years ago. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder 'Symphyta,' which encompasses circa 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We used phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore drivers of diversity dynamics within the 'Symphyta,' with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes—and back—have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms, or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favored by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots exhibit signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
Data from: Genome-wide assessment of diversity and divergence among extant Galápagos giant tortoise species
Genome-wide assessments allow for fuller characterization of genetic diversity, finer-scale population delineation, and better detection of demographically significant units to guide conservation compared to those based on "traditional" markers. Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) have long provided a case study for how evolutionary genetics may be applied to advance species conservation. Ongoing efforts to bolster tortoise populations, which have declined by 90%, have been informed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequence and microsatellite genotypic data, but could benefit from genome-wide markers. Taking this next step, we used double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to collect genotypic data at >26,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 117 individuals representing all recognized extant Galapagos giant tortoise species. We then quantified genetic diversity, population structure, and compared results to estimates from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite loci. Our analyses detected 12 genetic lineages concordant with the 11 named species as well as previously described structure within one species, C. becki. Furthermore, the SNPs provided increased resolution, detecting admixture in four individuals. SNP-based estimates of diversity and differentiation were significantly correlated with those derived from nuclear microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The SNP toolkit presented here will serve as a resource for advancing efforts to understand tortoise evolution, species radiations, and aid conservation of the Galapagos tortoise species complex.
Data from: Genetic relationships of extant brown bears (Ursus arctos) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) are closely related species for which extensive mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic genetic comparisons have been made. We used previously-published genotype data for 8 microsatellite DNA loci from 930 brown bears in 19 populations and 473 polar bears in 16 populations to compare the population genetic relationships of extant populations of the species. Genetic distances (Nei standard distance = 1.157), the proportion of private alleles (52% of alleles are not shared by the species), and Bayesian cluster analysis are consistent with morphological and life history characteristics that distinguish polar bears and brown bears as different species with little or no gene flow among extant populations.
FIGURE 2. Fossil and extant Iphiculus. A in A new iphiculid crab (Crustacea, Brachyura, Leucosioidea) from the Middle Miocene of Austria, with notes on palaeobiogeography of Iphiculus
FIGURE 2. Fossil and extant Iphiculus. A, Iphiculus eliasi sp. nov., holotype UMJGP 75.612 in dorsal view (dry and uncoated); B–D, Iphiculus convexus Ihle, 1918, ZRC 2009.0462 (male specimen from Vanuatu) in dorsal (B), posterior (C), and posterodorsal view (D). Photos in B–D by P.K.L. Ng.
FIGURES 2–8 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURES 2–8. Simulium (I.) teruamanga. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Matavera Stream, Rarotonga (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 3. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 4. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 5. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 6. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near outlet Tamarua East swamp, Mangaia (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 7. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft, frontoclypeal apotome and antenna of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 8. Hypostoma of subfossil larva. Near Lake Te Roto, Atiu (scale bar 0.02 mm).
FIGURE 1 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURE 1. Distribution of known simuliid material on Cook and Austral Islands. Simulium (I.) teruamanga—squares, S. (I.) rurutuense—circles. Simulium (I.) raivavaense—asterisk. Solid shapes indicates extant species, stippled subfossil material. (Adapted from Craig et al. 2001).
FIGURES 9–17. 9–13 in Subfossils of extinct and extant species of Simuliidae (Diptera) from Austral and Cook Islands (Polynesia): anthropogenic extirpation of an aquatic insect?
FIGURES 9–17. 9–13. Simulium (I.) rurutuense. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of head of extant larva. Vaipapa Stream, Rurutu (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 10. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft of extant larva (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 11. Hypostoma of extant larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 12. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of subfossil larva. Mihiura Swamp, Tubuai (scale bar 0.1 mm). Fig. 13. Hypostoma of subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). 14–17. Simulium (I.) raivavaense. Near Rairua, Raivavae. Fig. 14. Frontoclypeal apotome of extinct subfossil larva—note anteromedial palatal brush (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig.15. Hypostoma, postgenal cleft and genae of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.05 mm). Fig. 16. Hypostoma of last instar of extinct subfossil larva (scale bar 0.02 mm). Fig. 17. Hypostoma of probable penultimate instar of larva (scale bar 0.02 mm).
FIGURE 6 in Comparative morphology of rostral cartilages in extant mackerel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes, Lamnidae) using CT scanning
FIGURE 6. Lamna ditropis Hubbs & Follett, 1947, female, 2340 mm, TL, northeast Pacific Ocean (ERB 0854), 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of the entire head, showing all cartilaginous structures: lateral (A) (image reversed), dorsal (B), ventral (C), anterior (D) and anterolateral (E) views. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.
FIGURE 5 in Comparative morphology of rostral cartilages in extant mackerel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes, Lamnidae) using CT scanning
FIGURE 5. Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788), male, 1740 mm TL, northeast Atlantic Ocean (ERB 0929), 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of the entire head, showing all cartilaginous structures: lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), anterior (D) and anterolateral (E) views. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.
FIGURE 4. Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966 in Comparative morphology of rostral cartilages in extant mackerel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes, Lamnidae) using CT scanning
FIGURE 4. Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966, female, 2540 mm TL, northwest Atlantic Ocean (ERB 0935), 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of the entire head, showing all cartilaginous structures: lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), anterior (D) and anterolateral (E) views. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.
FIGURE 3. Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 in Comparative morphology of rostral cartilages in extant mackerel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes, Lamnidae) using CT scanning
FIGURE 3. Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, female, 1940 mm TL, northeast Atlantic Ocean (ERB 0933), 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of the entire head, showing all cartilaginous structures: lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), anterior (D) and anterolateral (E) views. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.
FIGURE 2 in Comparative morphology of rostral cartilages in extant mackerel sharks (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes, Lamnidae) using CT scanning
FIGURE 2. Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), female, 2120 mm TL, southwest Indian Ocean (ERB 0932), 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of the entire head, showing all cartilaginous structures: lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), anterior (D) and anterolateral (E) views. Abbreviations: AF, anterior fontanelle; IP, internasal plate; LR, lateral rostral cartilages; MR, medial rostral cartilage; NA, nasal aperture; NC, nasal capsule; PR, preorbital process; RN, rostral node; ROS, rostral space.
FIGURES 9–13. Chelae. 9 in Revision of the extant Nearctic species of Dryinus Latreille 1804 group 1 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description of a new species from the USA
FIGURES 9–13. Chelae. 9. Dryinus halsteadi, holotype Ƥ. 10. D. mexicanus, holotype Ƥ. 11. D. nearcticus, holotype Ƥ. 12. D. splendidus sp. nov., holotype Ƥ. 13. D. wetmorei, holotype Ƥ. Scale bar 0.19 mm for 9, 0.17 mm for 10, 0.15 mm for 11 and 13, 0.13 mm for 12.
FIGURES 4–8. 4, 5 in Revision of the extant Nearctic species of Dryinus Latreille 1804 group 1 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description of a new species from the USA
FIGURES 4–8. 4, 5. Dryinus americanus, holotype Ƥ, head in dorsal view (4), chela (5). 6, 7. D. crawfordi, chela of holotype (6), stigmal vein of male from Massachusetts, Bedford (7). 8. D. alatus, stigmal vein of male from Arizona, Nogales. Scale bar 0.55 mm for 4, 0.25 mm for 5, 0.16 mm for 6, 0.37 mm for 7, 0.32 mm for 8.
FIGURES 1–3 in Revision of the extant Nearctic species of Dryinus Latreille 1804 group 1 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description of a new species from the USA
FIGURES 1–3. Dryinus alatus, Ƥ. 1. Head in dorsal view of holotype; 2. Chela of specimen from Arizona, Nogales. 3. Enlarged claw of specimens from Arizona, Nogales (up), Michigan, Ann Arbor (mid) and Michigan, Midland Co. (down). Scale bar 0.55 mm for 1, 0,23 mm for 2, 0.19 mm for 3.
FIGURES 2–5. Electribius llamae new species. 2 in A new extant species of Electribius Crowson from Honduras (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Artematopodidae)
FIGURES 2–5. Electribius llamae new species. 2) Paratype, dorsal habitus; 3) paratype, ventral habitus; 4) female holotype, prothorax, ventral view; 5) female holotype, abdominal ventrite 5. Scale bar (for Figs. 2 and 3) = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new extant species of Electribius Crowson from Honduras (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Artematopodidae)
FIGURE 1. Map of known distribution of extant described species of Electribius. Black circle: E. relictus Arriaga-Varela & Escobar; blue squares: E. crowsoni Lawrence; yellow triangle: E. similis Lawrence; red star: E. llamae new species.
FIGURE 4 A–I in High-resolution X-ray computed tomography of an extant new Donuea (Araneae: Liocranidae) species in Madagascan copal
FIGURE 4 A–I. Donuea collustrata sp. n., male palp. A–C, rl; D–F, ve; G–I, pl; A, D, G, X-ray CT images of right palp of copal specimen, inverted; B, E, H, stereomicroscope photographs of left palp of holotype; C, F, I, drawings of left palp of holotype. Scale bar: 0.25.
FIGURE 2 A–H in High-resolution X-ray computed tomography of an extant new Donuea (Araneae: Liocranidae) species in Madagascan copal
FIGURE 2 A–H. Donuea collustrata sp. n. A, copal piece holding specimen, after trimming; B, copal preserved specimen, do; C, copal specimen, ve; D, frontal view of copal specimen, showing opaque layer of air bubbles; E, leg spination scheme of holotype, legend of unfolded article below; F, copal specimen, reconstruction of habitus, do; G, right male palp of copal specimen, rl; H, left male palp of copal specimen, pl. Scale bars: B, C: 1.0; F: 1.5; H: 0.25.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.