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Fig. 9 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 9. Karyotypes of two whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus) from Arroyo del Macho. A. Diploid unisexual C. tesselatus, AMNH R146638 (2n = 46). This unisexual taxon is a clone with its ultimate ancestor being an F1 hybrid between C. tigris marmoratus (haploid complement of chromosomes in the upper two rows) X C. gularis septemvittatus (haploid complement in the lower two rows). Large arrow points to the centromere of the Xchromosome ultimately inherited from C. tigris marmoratus; this chromosome apparently had undergone centric fission into two telocentric chromosomes in the other karyotypic clone of C. tesselatus found at the same locality (2n = 47). B. Triploid hybrid between C. tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus (male), AMNH R146690 (3n = 69). The four rows of chromosomes above the scale bar represent the two haploid complements inherited from C. tigris marmoratus, whereas the lower two rows represent the single haploid complement from C. gularis septemvittatus. The Ychromosome was inherited from the most recent backcross hybridization between C. tesselatus and C. tigris marmoratus. Bar represents 10 µm. Small arrows in both A and B illustrate distinctive secondary constrictions (nucleolar organizer regions) from C. gularis septemvittatus.

Fig. 1. A. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 1. A. A view to the east showing the principal gypsum outcrop and southfacing slope at the hybridization locality north of Roswell, Chaves County, New Mexico. Scattered dark shrubs in the center of the figure are mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) in a desert grassland; C. exsanguis and C. inornatus were

Fig. 17 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 17. Oviduct structure of hybrid females (A–D) and C. tesselatus females (E–H). A. Distal oviduct showing thin mucosa and absence of folds (AMNH R145147, slide 8, row 1, section 1). B. Middle oviduct with alveolar glands (AMNH R145147, slide 8, row 1, section 1). C. Middle oviduct showing poorly developed alveolar glands (AMNH R145146, slide 11, row 2, section 2). D. Middle oviduct (AMNH R146691, slide 9, row 2, section 6, MT). E. Distal oviduct showing mucosa and variation in fold development (AMNH R145143, slide 5, row 2, section 6). F. Distal and middle oviducts; note the swollen (active) posterior part of the distal oviduct and the distinctive appearance of the middle oviduct. The proximal oviduct is not visible (AMNH R145142, slide 136, row 1, section 2). G. Middle oviduct with mucosa and welldeveloped alveolar glands (AMNH R145142, slide 80, row 1, section 2). H. Middle oviduct showing serosa, mucosa, and organization of the alveolar glands (AMNH R145142, slide 85, row 1, section 4). Scale bar, 0.01 mm, except F, which is 1 mm, and H, which is 0.1 mm.

Fig. 21. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 21. A monthly comparison of size distributions and reproductive status of individuals of Cnemidophorus tesselatus collected at the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site in 1996–1999.

Fig. 19 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 19. Testes of hybrid males (A–C, G, H) and C. tigris males (D–F). Note that G and H are out of sequence because of size. A. Testis with sperm (AMNH R145145, slide 5, row 2, section 3). B. Testis with debris and few sperm (AMNH R146683, slide 10, row 1, section 4). C. Seminiferous tubules

Fig. 23 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 23. Generations of Cnemidophorus tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrids and of C. tesselatus inferred from snout–vent length data (mm) in samples collected at Arroyo del Macho in 1996– 1999. For each year depicted, the May–October activity period is included, and each horizontal line representing a lizard extends from the estimated year and month of hatching to the year and month of collection. Sex of each hybrid (M or F) is indicated.

Fig. 16 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 16. Ovary structure of hybrid females (A–D) and C. tesselatus females (E–H). A. Ovary with abnormal follicle (AMNH R145146, slide 5, row 1, section 4). B. Ovary with empty follicle and abnormal follicular epithelia (AMNH R145147, slide 16, row 1, section 1). C. Detail of follicle wall of empty follicle (AMNH R145147, slide 16, row 1, section 1). D. Empty follicle with blood supply (AMNH R146681, slide 4, row 1, section 2). E. Ovary with oogonia and several sizes of developing

Fig. 18 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 18. Mesonephros of hybrid females (A, B), C. tesselatus (C, D), hybrid males (E–G), and a C. tigris male (H). A. Mesonephros showing small and large tubules (AMNH R145147, slide 8, row 2, section 6). B. Adrenal gland with large and small mesonephric tubules (AMNH R145146, slide 11, row 1, section 2). C. Ovary and adrenal with small mesonephric tubules; no large tubules present (AMNH R146640, slide 4, row 1, section 1). D. Mesonephros with small tubules; no large tubules present (AMNH R146629, slide 10, row 1, section 4). E. Large tubules (= epididymis) and small mesonephric tubules; debris does not include sperm (AMNH R145148, slide 8, row 1, section 6). F. Epididymis and small mesonephric tubules (AMNH R146695, slide 25, row 3, section 6). G. Vas deferens and small mesonephric tubules (AMNH R146692, slide 12, row 2, section 6, MT). H. Large mesonephric tubules and epididymis (packed with sperm) and small mesonephric tubules (AMNH R 146653, slide 10, row 2, section 4). Scale bar, 0.1 mm, except G, which is 0.01 mm.

Fig. 15 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 15. Germinal epithelium and adjacent adrenal gland of hybrid females (A–C) and C. tesselatus females (D–F). A. Germinal epithelium with welldefined lip, margin, and oogonia (AMNH R146689, slide 3, row 2, section 6, MT). B. Detail of epithelium in figure 15A (AMNH R146689, slide 3, row 2, section 6, MT). C. Germinal epithelium, adrenal gland, and mesonephros (AMNH R146691, slide 13, row 2, section 9). D. Germinal epithelium showing boundary and lip (AMNH R146637, slide 41,

Fig. 22. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 22. A monthly comparison of size distributions of Cnemidophorus tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrids collected at the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site in 1996–1999.

Fig. 5. Representative Cnemidophorus tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrid females from the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site. A. AMNH R146689 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 5. Representative Cnemidophorus tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrid females from the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site. A. AMNH R146689 (89 mm SVL); B and E. AMNH R146687 (93 mm SVL); C and F. AMNH R146688 (91 mm SVL); D. AMNH R146681 (84 mm SVL).

Fig. 13 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 13. Electrophoretic phenotypes of PEPA, a dimeric enzyme, for 12 lizards; letters and labeling as in figure 11, except asterisk marks hybrid (AMNH R145146) that received the callele from MAR instead of the ballele (coincidentally, this is the only hybrid karyotyped that has a fissioned Xchromosome). The callele occurs in other individuals of MAR, the dallele in others of both MAR and SEP. Anode is to the right.

Fig. 20. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 20. A comparison of body size (snout–vent length) and gravid status of female individuals of Cnemidophorus tesselatus and body size of male and female C. tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrids collected from the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site in 1996–1999.

Fig. 5 in Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)

Fig. 5. The same consensus as shown in figure 4, with stems and taxa identified for ready comparison with evolutionary changes presented in appendix 4 (change list). Stems 5, 6, 16, 20, 23, 24 represent alternative relationships not rejected by the data.

Fig. 3. Sensitivity analysis graphic. Y in Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)

Fig. 3. Sensitivity analysis graphic. Yaxis represents the logarithm of the ratio of transversion: transition weights. The xaxis represents the logarithm of the ratio of the indel cost versus the maximal cost of a molecular change. The colors represent the zaxis, which is congruence between the molecular and morphological data partitions. Red is good, blue is bad.

Fig. 2 in Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)

Fig. 2. Strict consensus of 192 equally parsimonious trees based on morphology alone (length = 276; CI = 0.443; RI = 0.74). Numbers on branches are Bremer values.

Fig. 6 in Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic hypotheses for the Polychrotidae of Etheridge and de Queiroz (1988), and Frost and Etheridge (1989). Circles represent hypothesized rooting points.

Fig. 1 in Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania)

Fig. 1. Single tree obtained on molecularonly data (length = 2332; CI = 0.23; RI = 0.68). Numbers on branches are Bremer values.

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Fig. 2 in A Molecular Perspective on the Phylogeny of the Girdled Lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata)

Fig. 2. Tree based on relative cost parameters (transitions: transversions: gaps) at 1: 2: 1. Numbers on internal stems are Bremer values.