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13,343 results for “Primary”
Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003-2100: II - Change in net primary production (NPP)
This data has npp values from northern AK based on a modeling study for the years 2003-2100. See Euskirchen et al., 2009 for more information. This file contains data for Figure 4.
Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003-2100: III - Decadal net primary productivity (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration
These data contain NPP, NEP, and RH values from northern AK based on a modeling study for the years 2003-2100. See Euskirchen et al., 2009 for more information. V This file contains data for Figure 5.
Annual ground-based photographs taken at 15 net primary production (NPP) study sites at Jornada Basin LTER, 1996-ongoing
This data package contains a list of ground-based photographs taken at fifteen Net Primary Production (NPP) study sites at the Jornada Basin LTER. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. At each site, a 1 hectare area was fenced in 1988 and a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when vegetation sampling began in 1989. Beginning in 1996, annual photos were taken from each of the 4 corners of each of the 15 70-meter x 70-meter NPP sites between August and November, depending on other research activity constraints. From 1996-2002 photos were taken using 35mm color slide film. Beginning in 2003, digital photos were taken in JPG format. Occasionally, supplemental photos may be taken at the same time that provide additional habitat information at the landscape, patch, or plant species level. No photographs were taken in 2013. Photo files (.jpeg format) are included in annual ZIP archives attached to this data package. This is an ongoing dataset that is updated once per year.
Annual primary productivity in control plots at a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh at Goat Island, North Inlet, Georgetown, SC.
Annual productivity is determined from aboveground biomass data at permanent, high marsh, control plots in a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh in North Inlet, Georgetown, SC.
SBC LTER: Reef: Net primary production, growth and standing crop of Macrocystis pyrifera in Southern California
This data package has been deprecated because the models/methods have been changed. Please see the new data package using updated models: Updated Kelp NPP packages. These data are a time series of net primary production (NPP), growth and standing crop for the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, that is appropriate for examining seasonal and inter-annual patterns across multiple sites. The standing crop and loss rates of M. pyrifera are measured monthly in permanent plots at three sites in the Santa Barbara Channel, USA. Collection of these data began in May 2002 and is ongoing. Seasonal estimates of NPP and growth rate are made by combining the field data with a model of kelp dynamics. The dataset includes plant density in each plot and censuses of fronds on tagged plants at each site. NPP, mass specific growth rate and standing crop are presented in four metrics (wet mass, dry mass, carbon mass and nitrogen mass) to facilitate comparisons with previous studies of M. pyrifera and with NPP measured in other ecosystems. A subset of these data covering the time period 2002-05-01 to 2007-12-31 were contributed to Ecological Archives as Data Paper E089-119-D1 in 2008 (citation: Andrew Rassweiler, Katie K. Arkema, Daniel C. Reed, Richard C. Zimmerman, and Mark A. Brzezinski. 2008. Net primary production, growth, and standing crop of Macrocystis pyrifera in southern California. Ecology 89:2068).
Effects of anthropogenic activity on global terrestrial gross primary production (LAI and FAPAR)
<p>This data set contains the 100-member ensembles of monthly leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) estimated using GIMMS3g LAI and FAPAR and d4PDF air temperature by the method described in Sasai et al. (2016) for historical and non-warming climates in 1951-2010/2011. Data is 0.5625-degree (640×320) 4-byte binary (.raw). Undefined value is -9999.</p> <p>For more details, please check the ReadmeVeg.pdf</p> <p>If you questions, please contact Irina Melnikova (irina.melnikova.russia@gmail.com)</p>
Gross primary production responses to warming, elevated CO2 , and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland
<p>Determining whether the terrestrial biosphere will be a source or sink of carbon (C) under a future climate of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and warming requires accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux of C in the global C cycle. We evaluated 6 years (2007–2012) of flux‐derived GPP data from the Prairie Heating and CO<sub>2</sub> Enrichment (PHACE) experiment, situated in a grassland in Wyoming, USA. The GPP data were used to calibrate a light response model whose basic formulation has been successfully used in a variety of ecosystems. The model was extended by modeling maximum photosynthetic rate (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>) and light‐use efficiency (<i>Q</i>) as functions of soil water, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vegetation greenness, and nitrogen at current and antecedent (past) timescales. The model fits the observed GPP well (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.79), which was confirmed by other model performance checks that compared different variants of the model (e.g. with and without antecedent effects). Stimulation of cumulative 6‐year GPP by warming (29%, <i>P</i> = 0.02) and eCO<sub>2</sub> (26%, <i>P</i> = 0.07) was primarily driven by enhanced C uptake during spring (129%, <i>P</i> = 0.001) and fall (124%, <i>P</i> = 0.001), respectively, which was consistent across years. Antecedent air temperature (Tair<sub>ant</sub>) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD<sub>ant</sub>) effects on <i>A</i><sub>max</sub> (over the past 3–4 days and 1–3 days, respectively) were the most significant predictors of temporal variability in GPP among most treatments. The importance of VPD<sub>ant</sub> suggests that atmospheric drought is important for predicting GPP under current and future climate; we highlight the need for experimental studies to identify the mechanisms underlying such antecedent effects. Finally, posterior estimates of cumulative GPP under control and eCO<sub>2</sub> treatments were tested as a benchmark against 12 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The narrow uncertainties of these data‐driven GPP estimates suggest that they could be useful semi‐independent data streams for validating TBMs.</p>
The reasonable application of Bayesian multi-model averaging to produce gross primary production with high quality in China
<p>To reduce the uncertainties of output data from the Multi-scale Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP), Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was trained by observed GPP from ChinaFLUX and a set of monthly 0.5° by 0.5° GPP data from 1948 to 2010 for China was produced.</p>
Data set for "Anatomically and functionally distinct thalamocortical inputs to primary and secondary mouse whisker somatosensory cortices"
<p>Data set for: El-Boustani S, Sermet BS, Foustoukos G, Oram TB, Yizhar O, Petersen CCH (2020) Anatomically and functionally distinct thalamocortical inputs to primary and secondary mouse whisker somatosensory cortices. Nature Communications 11: 3342. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17087-7</p> <p>There are 4 files in this upload:</p> <p>1. The file named "2020_El-Boustani_NCOMMS.pdf" is the Open Access pdf file of the manuscript published in Nature Communications.</p> <p>2. The file named "2020_El-Boustani_NCOMMS_SupMovie1.avi" is Supplementary Movie 1 in .avi format, accompanying the Nature Communications publication.</p> <p>2. The file named "2020_El-Boustani_NCOMMS_SupMovie2.avi" is Supplementary Movie 2 in .avi format, accompanying the Nature Communications publication.</p> <p>4. The file named "El-Boustani_data_code.zip" (~36 GB) is a zipped version of a folder "El-Boustani_data_code" (~45 GB), which contains the data analysed in the study along with the Matlab code used to generate the published figures. To access the data and the code, first unzip the file. In the main folder, data for all experiments are stored within folders starting by the prefix “SB”. The code for generating population data and plotting figures from the paper are in the folder “Matlab_code”. In this folder, several Matlab scripts are named after the panels or figures they will plot such as “Plot_Fig3d_Axon_GCaMP6s_traces_example.m”. After opening each file, executing the script will automatically plot the panels and name them accordingly. In some files, the type of data to plot should be specified at the very beginning of the script: “VPM” for VPM data, “POMf” for POm-FO data and “Layer1” for POm-HO data in layer 1. For figure 2, the code is located in a dedicated folder where a Matlab file “Plot_Fig2d_g_Populatin_Plot_POm_FO_HO.m” is used to generate the figures. Finally, other Matlab files are included that are used to create population .mat files or for additional analysis related to the manuscript.</p>
Data set for "Projection-specific activity of layer 2/3 neurons imaged in mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex during a whisker detection task"
<p>Data set for: Vavladeli A, Daigle T, Zeng H, Crochet S, Petersen CCH (2020) Projection-specific activity of layer 2/3 neurons imaged in mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex during a whisker detection task. FUNCTION 1: zqaa008. doi: 10.1093/function/zqaa008</p> <p>There are 2 files in this upload:</p> <p>1. The file named "2020_Vavladeli_FUNCTION.pdf" is the Open Access pdf file of the manuscript published in FUNCTION.</p> <p>2. The file named "Vavladeli_data_code.zip" (~2 GB) is a zipped version of a folder named "Vavladeli_data_code" (~2 GB), which contains the data analysed in the study along with the Matlab code used to generate the published figures. When unzipped, the folder contains 8 Matlab '.m' files with analysis code and two '.mat' data files. In order to run the analysis of the data set, you need to execute the '.m' file with the corresponding figure name.</p>
Lee2020 GSE132465 Primary Colorectal Cancer Dataset for Besca
<p>The gene expression matrix was downloaded from GEO (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE132465">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE132465</a>), originally published by Lee HO, Hong Y, Etlioglu HE, et al. Lineage-dependent gene expression programs influence the immune landscape of colorectal cancer. <em>Nat Genet</em>. 2020;52(6):594-603. doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0636-z. We reprocessed the dataset using the Besca package (https://github.com/bedapub/besca).</p>
Data from: Evaluation of a pharmacist-led actionable audit and feedback intervention for improving medication safety in primary care: an interrupted time series analysis
<p><strong>Background</strong>. We evaluated the impact of a pharmacist-led Safety Medication dASHboard (SMASH) intervention on medication safety in primary care.<br> <strong>Methods and findings</strong>. SMASH comprised: (1) training of clinical pharmacists to deliver the intervention; (2) a web-based dashboard providing actionable, patient-level feedback; and (3) pharmacists reviewing individual at-risk patients, and initiating remedial actions or advising general practitioners on doing so. It was implemented in forty-three general practices covering a population of 235,595 people in Salford (Greater Manchester), UK. All practices started receiving the intervention between 18 April 2016 and 26 September 2017. We used an interrupted time series analysis of rates of potentially hazardous prescribing and inadequate blood-test monitoring, comparing observed rates post-intervention to extrapolations from a 24-month pre-intervention trend. The number of people registered to participating practices and having one or more risk factors for being exposed to hazardous prescribing or inadequate blood-test monitoring at the start of the intervention was 47,413 (males: 23,073 [48.7%]; mean age: 60 [standard deviation: 21]). At baseline, 95% of practices had rates of potentially hazardous prescribing (composite of 10 indicators) between 0.88% and 6.19%. The prevalence of potentially hazardous prescribing reduced by 27.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.3% to 36.8%) at 24 weeks and by 40.7% (95% CI, 29.1% to 54.2%) at twelve months after introduction of SMASH. The rate of inadequate blood-test monitoring (composite of 2 indicators) reduced by 22.0% (95% CI, 0.2% to 50.7%) at 24 weeks and by 23.5% (95% CI, -4.5% to 61.6%) at 12 months. After 12 months, 95% of practices had rates of potentially hazardous prescribing between 0.74% and 3.02%. We did not randomise practices but enrolled them in a naturalistic fashion. All our measurements were based on routinely kept electronic health records.<br> <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The SMASH intervention was associated with reduced rates of potentially hazardous prescribing and inadequate blood-test monitoring in general practices. This reduction was sustained over 12 months after start of the intervention for prescribing but not for monitoring of medication. There was a marked reduction in the variation in rates of high-risk prescribing between practices.</p>
Data from: Models of community-based primary care for epilepsy in low and middle income countries
Objective: To review systematically community-based primary care interventions for epilepsy in low and middle income countries to rationalize approaches and outcome parameters in relation to epilepsy care in these countries. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Global Index Medicus, CINAHL and Web of Science was undertaken to identify trials and implementation of provision of anti-seizure medications, adherence reinforcement and/or healthcare provider or community education in community-based samples of epilepsy. Data on populations addressed, interventions and outcomes were extracted from eligible articles. Results: Twenty-four reports were identified, mostly care programs addressing active convulsive epilepsy. Phenobarbital has been used most frequently though other conventional antiseizure medications have also been used but none of the newer. Tolerability rates in these studies are high but overall, attrition is considerable. Other approaches have included updating primary health care providers, reinforcing treatment adherence in clinics and raising community awareness. The coverage of existing treatment gap in the community, epilepsy-related mortality and comorbidity burden are fleetingly addressed in these programs. Conclusions: The cost-free provision, mostly of phenobarbital has resulted in short-term seizure freedom in roughly half of the people with epilepsy in LMICs. Future programs should include a range of antiseizure medications. These should cover apart from seizure control and treatment adherence, primary healthcare provider education, raising community awareness and referral protocols for specialist care. The programs should ensure sustainability and impact assessment at a community level.
SMS-GraphQL Initial Primary Studies Dataset
<p>SMS-GraphQL Initial Primary Studies Dataset</p>
SMS-GraphQL Primary Studies Dataset
<p><strong>Dataset of primary studies selected to conduct the SMS</strong></p>
20 Primary Studies SMS Strategy CG
<p>Data set of 20 primary studies SMS: "Empirical Strategies in Software Engineering Research: A Literature Survey", by Cathy Guevara-Vega</p>
Data from: Holocene lake phosphorus species and primary producers reflect catchment processes in a small, temperate lake
<p>This palaeo data set consists of a Holocene record from a small, temperate lake (Lake Fuglsø, Denmark). It comprises radiocarbon (<sup>14</sup>C)-dating, pollen, X-ray fluorescence scanning, carbon and nitrogen (contents and stable isotopes), phosphorus (P) pools (from sequential P extraction and <sup>31</sup>P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), pigment, diatom, and plant macrofossil data. Our multi-proxy palaeolimnological study aimed to investigate how natural processes and anthropogenic land-use changes have affected sedimentary P forms and primary producers. We found three periods of human impact: (1) low disturbance from domestic grazing during the Early/Mid Neolithic (~3600 – ~2600 BC), (2) higher disturbance because of animal husbandry and some grain cultivation during the Late Bronze and Pre-Roman Iron Age (~800 BC – AD ~100) and (3) strong disturbance caused by domestic grazing, intensified crop cultivation and, in particular, by retting of fibre plants during the Middle Ages and Renaissance (AD ~1000 – ~1700). Cultural eutrophication during the latter phase caused unprecedented changes in the lake, including altered species composition, high production and strongly accelerated sediment accumulation rates. Generally, catchment deforestation was related to elevated proportions of metal (iron, aluminium, calcium)-bound P forms in the sediment, while high tree cover correlated with elevated proportions of P forms associated with organic material ("organic" P, humic-bound P, refractory organic P) and loosely bound P. During phases with forest in the catchment, silicon (Si) inputs to the lake were insufficient and diatom frustules were mostly absent in the sediments. In contrast, diatoms thrived in the lake when the landscape was open and erosional Si influx was high. This study is the first to show long-term (~eight millennia) and recurring Si limitation of diatoms, a finding that may explain the absence of diatoms in sediment records of other sites too. In summary, human land-use with preceding deforestation accelerated the transport of nutrients and elements from the terrestrial to the aquatic environment, leading to substantial and irreversible changes in Lake Fuglsø. Our study is a good example of the tight links between catchment processes and lake status, indicating that catchment dynamics should be considered in lake restoration projects, particularly for lowland lakes with high catchment:lake area ratios.</p>
Primary hybrid zone formation in Tephroseris helenitis (Asteraceae), following postglacial range expansion along the central Northern Alps
<p>Secondary vs. primary hybrid zone formation remains a challenging task as the time window in which these historical (vicariant) vs. contemporary (environmental-selective) processes are distinguishable may be relatively narrow.</p> <p>To examine the origin and structure of a transition zone between two subspecies of <i>Tephroseris helenitis</i> along the central Northern Alps, molecular (AFLP) and morphological (achene type) data as well as ecological niche models (ENMs) were used. Samples were collected over a <i>c.</i> 350 km-long transect, largely covered by ice during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).</p> <p>Genetically non-admixed individuals of subspp. <i>helenitis</i> vs. <i>salisburgensis</i> dominated the westernmost vs. eastern transect areas, with admixed individuals occurring in between. Cline for achene morphology was steep, largely non-coincidental, and displaced to the east of the cline centre for neutral AFLPs. During the LGM, ssp. <i>helenitis</i> should have been able to persist in a refugium southwest of the transect, while suitable habitat for ssp. <i>salisburgensis</i> was apparently absent at this time.</p> <p>Patterns of genetic and clinal variation in combination with our ENM data are suggestive of a primary hybrid zone that originated after the species' postglacial, eastward expansion.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Retinotopic-like maps of spatial sound in primary 'visual' cortex of blind human echolocators
The functional specialisations of cortical sensory areas were traditionally viewed as being tied to specific modalities. A radically different emerging view is that the brain is organized by task rather than sensory modality, but it has not yet been shown that this applies to primary sensory cortices. Here we report such evidence by showing that primary 'visual' cortex can be adapted to map spatial locations of sound in blind humans who regularly perceive space through sound echoes. Specifically, we objectively quantify the similarity between measured stimulus maps for sound eccentricity and predicted stimulus maps for visual eccentricity in primary 'visual' cortex (using a probabilistic atlas based on cortical anatomy) to find that stimulus maps for sound in expert echolocators are directly comparable to those for vision in sighted people. Furthermore, the degree of this similarity is positively related with echolocation ability. We also rule out explanations based on top-down modulation of brain activity – e.g. through imagery. This result is clear evidence that task-specific organization can extend even to primary sensory cortices, and in this way is pivotal in our reinterpretation of the functional organisation of the human brain.
Data from: Food webs obscure the strength of plant diversity effects on primary productivity
Plant diversity experiments generally find that increased diversity causes increased productivity; however, primary productivity is typically measured in the presence of a diverse food web, including pathogens, mutualists and herbivores. If food web impacts on productivity vary with plant diversity, as predicted by both theoretical and empirical studies, estimates of the effect of plant diversity on productivity may be biased. We experimentally removed arthropods, foliar fungi and soil fungi from the longest-running plant diversity experiment. We found that fungi and arthropods removed a constant, large proportion of biomass leading to a greater reduction of total biomass in high diversity plots. As a result, the effect of diversity on measured plant productivity was much higher in the absence of fungi and arthropods. Thus, diversity increases productivity more than reported in previous studies that did not control for the effects of heterotrophic consumption.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.