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1,219 results for “Sand”
Data from: Spatial scaling of environmental variables improves species-habitat models of fishes in a small, sand-bed lowland river
Habitat suitability and the distinct mobility of species depict fundamental keys for explaining and understanding the distribution of river fishes. In recent years, comprehensive data on river hydromorphology has been mapped at spatial scales down to 100 m, potentially serving high resolution species-habitat models, e.g., for fish. However, the relative importance of specific hydromorphological and in-stream habitat variables and their spatial scales of influence is poorly understood. Applying boosted regression trees, we developed species-habitat models for 13 fish species in a sand-bed lowland river based on river morphological and in-stream habitat data. First, we calculated mean values for the predictor variables in five distance classes (from the sampling site up to 4000 m up- and downstream) to identify the spatial scale that best predicts the presence of fish species. Second, we compared the suitability of measured variables and assessment scores related to natural reference conditions. Third, we identified variables which best explained the presence of fish species. The mean model quality (AUC = 0.78, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) significantly increased when information on the habitat conditions up- and downstream of a sampling site (maximum AUC at 2500 m distance class, +0.049) and topological variables (e.g., stream order) were included (AUC = +0.014). Both measured and assessed variables were similarly well suited to predict species' presence. Stream order variables and measured cross section features (e.g., width, depth, velocity) were best-suited predictors. In addition, measured channel-bed characteristics (e.g., substrate types) and assessed longitudinal channel features (e.g., naturalness of river planform) were also good predictors. These findings demonstrate (i) the applicability of high resolution river morphological and instream-habitat data (measured and assessed variables) to predict fish presence, (ii) the importance of considering habitat at spatial scales larger than the sampling site, and (iii) that the importance of (river morphological) habitat characteristics differs depending on the spatial scale.
Data from: Mate sampling and choosiness in the sand goby
To date, mate choice studies have mostly focused on establishing which mates are chosen or how the choices are performed. Here, we combined these two approaches by empirically testing how latency to mate is affected by various search costs, variation in mate quality and female quality in the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus). Our results show that females adjust their mating behaviour according to the costs and benefits of the choice situation. Specifically, they mated sooner when access to males was delayed and when the presence of other females presented a mate sampling cost. We also found a positive link between size variation among potential mating partners and spawning delay in some (but not all) experimental conditions. By contrast, we did not find the number of available males or the females' own body size ('quality') to affect mating latency. Finally, female mating behaviour varied significantly between years. These findings are notable for demonstrating that (i) mate sampling time is particularly sensitive to costs and, to a lesser degree, to variation among mate candidates, (ii) females' mating behaviour is sensitive to qualitative rather than to quantitative variation in their environment, and (iii) a snapshot view may describe mate sampling behaviour unreliably.
Data from: Influence of in-situ oil sands development on caribou (Rangifer tarandus) movement
In-situ oil sands development (ISD) involves a network of facilities, wells, roads and pipelines to extract and transport subsurface bitumen. This technology is rapidly expanding and there is uncertainty whether ISDs restrict animal movement, leading to increased extinction probabilities for some wide-ranging species. Here we test for effects of simulated future (i.e., 50 years from now) and current ISDs on simulated movements of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), a threatened species across North America. In simulations of future scenarios, we varied the spacing and permeability of ISDs and the presence/absence of protected areas. Permeability was measured as the number of times simulated caribou crossed ISDs with different levels of modelled permeability. We estimated the effects of these factors on caribou step length and annual home range size, key metrics of small and large spatiotemporal scales of movement, respectively. Current caribou crossings of above-ground pipeline features of ISDs were measured using camera traps and compared to expected caribou crossing rates based on present-day caribou movement simulations. Current crossing rates were evaluated within the context of predicted future crossing success rates necessary to maintain caribou step lengths and home ranges. With few exceptions, permeability across ISDs was the main factor affecting caribou movement, more so than spacing between developments or the presence of protected areas. However, minimal permeability (crossing rates of c. 15% to 60%, relative to an undisturbed site was needed to maintain existing home range size and step lengths. The effect of permeability on home range size and step length was non-linear, suggesting that small increases in permeability would provide a disproportionately greater benefit to caribou movement. Our predictions demonstrate that maintaining permeability across ISDs is more important than spacing between leases or including protected areas, and thus provides clear direction for mitigation efforts for features that will exist on the landscape for decades to come.
Data from: The influence of contemporary and historic landscape features on the genetic structure of the sand dune endemic, Cirsium pitcheri (Asteraceae)
Narrow endemics are at risk from climate change due to their restricted habitat preferences, lower colonization ability and dispersal distances. Landscape genetics combines new tools and analyses that allow us to test how both past and present landscape features have facilitated or hindered previous range expansion and local migration patterns, and thereby identifying potential limitations to future range shifts. We have compared current and historic habitat corridors in Cirsium pitcheri, an endemic of the linear dune ecosystem of the Great Lakes, to determine the relative contributions of contemporary migration and post-glacial range expansion on genetic structure. We used seven microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure for 24 populations of Cirsium pitcheri, spanning the center to periphery of the range. We tested genetic distance against different measures of geographic distance and landscape permeability, based on contemporary and historic landscape features. We found moderate genetic structure (ave Fst =0.14), and a north -south pattern to the distribution of genetic diversity and inbreeding, with northern populations having the highest diversity and lowest levels of inbreeding. High allelic diversity, small average pairwise distances and mixed genetic clusters identified in Structure suggest populations in the center of the range represent the point of entry to the Lake Michigan and a refugia of diversity for this species. A strong association between genetic distances and lake level changes suggests that historic lake fluctuations best explain the broad geographic patterns, and sandy habitat best explain local patterns or movement.
Data from: Creating fen initiation conditions: a new approach for peatland reclamation in the oil sands region of Alberta
Reclaiming peatland ecosystems is challenging our understanding of how to rebuild functioning landscapes. Assisted succession may provide a practical approach to guide the reestablishment of peatlands in denuded landscapes. In Alberta, the majority of peatlands began as fens during the paludification process. This research focuses on creating fen initiation conditions to establish fen moss species on mineral sediment as an approach for peatland reclamation in the oil sands region. In a field mesocosm experiment, we evaluated the establishment of five common fen mosses (Drepanocladus aduncus, Ptychostomum (Bryum) pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Tomentypnum nitens, and Aulacomnium palustre) introduced in equal proportions to clay loam. To determine the optimal hydrologic conditions for the establishment of each species, we tested four water levels (0, -10, -20, and -30 cm). We created vegetation types similar to those identified at the peat–mineral interface in peat profiles to determine the effect of herbaceous plant, low shrub, and wood-strand mulch cover treatments on moss establishment. Three seasons after introduction, total moss cover averaged 40%, and was greatest under all cover treatments and at the 0 cm water level. Total moss biomass averaged 95.5 g m−2 in moss introduction mesocosms and was greatest under low shrubs and herbaceous plants and at the 0 cm and -30 cm water levels. Fen moss species distribution was significantly influenced by water table depth. Drepanocladus aduncus and Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum were most common at 0 cm and Aulacomnium palustre and Tomentypnum nitens at -30 cm. In this approach, we created vegetation types similar to those found on mineral sediments at the base of Alberta peat cores and successfully established distinct fen moss communities along a water table gradient and under shade cover. Introducing a suite of fen moss species that inhabit a range of hydrologic niches under low shrubs or herbaceous plants improves moss establishment. Synthesis and applications. Our research shows that it is possible to create fen initiation conditions on clay loam sediment by introducing foundation moss and vascular plant species at optimal water levels. Restoring the community structure and biomass accumulation that occurs in the initial stages of fen development appears to be a suitable target for peatland reclamation. These methods introduce a practical strategy to reclaim peatlands in the heavily impacted oil sands region of Alberta.
Data from: Hierarchical analysis of genetic structure in the habitat-specialist Eastern Sand Darter (Ammocrypta pellucida)
Quantifying spatial genetic structure can reveal the relative influences of contemporary and historic factors underlying localized and regional patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow – important considerations for the development of effective conservation efforts. Using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci, we characterize genetic variation among populations across the range of the Eastern Sand Darter (Ammocrypta pellucida), a small riverine percid that is highly dependent on sandy substrate microhabitats. We tested for fine scale, regional, and historic patterns of genetic structure. As expected, significant differentiation was detected among rivers within drainages and among drainages. At finer scales, an unexpected lack of within-river genetic structure among fragmented sandy microhabitats suggests that stratified dispersal resulting from unstable sand bar habitat degradation (natural and anthropogenic) may preclude substantial genetic differentiation within rivers. Among-drainage genetic structure indicates that postglacial (14 kya) drainage connectivity continues to influence contemporary genetic structure among Eastern Sand Darter populations in southern Ontario. These results provide an unexpected contrast to other benthic riverine fish in the Great Lakes drainage and suggest that habitat-specific fishes, such as the Eastern Sand Darter, can evolve dispersal strategies that overcome fragmented and temporally unstable habitats.
Data from: Field observations of turbulence, sand suspension and cross-shore transport under spilling and plunging breakers
Measurements of wave orbital velocity, near-bed turbulence levels and sediment suspension were obtained under plunging and spilling breakers in the outer surf zone on the beach at Vejers, Denmark. For the same range of relative wave heights and indicators of wave nonlinearity, we observed significantly larger suspended sediment concentrations and onshore-directed rates of suspended sediment transport under (long-period) plunging breakers, compared to (short-period) spilling breakers. This is consistent with the long-held understanding that, for a given beach slope, onshore transport and beach accretion is associated with longer-period waves and offshore transport and erosion is associated with shorter-period waves. An intra-wave analysis of hydrodynamics and sediment suspension revealed that the main reason for the larger suspended sediment transport rates under plunging waves was i) larger time-averaged suspended sediment loads under plunging waves, and ii) a larger difference in cumulated sediment load under the wave crest phase compared to the wave trough phase for plunging breakers. This latter difference was due to an earlier arrival at the seabed of higher levels of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) under plunging waves compared to spilling waves. Hence, both magnitude and timing within the wave cycle of TKE production is important in a quantification of sediment transport under breaking waves. For ensemble-averaged intense suspension events, contributing roughly 50% of the total sediment suspension during individual records, we found that instantaneous near-bed sediment load was linearly related to instantaneous levels of Froude-scaled TKE.
Blaschka Glass Model of a Sand Mason Worm
Micro CT scan of a Blaschka model of a sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega) from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. DUNUC 9324 - glass model of Polychaete worm in its characteristic tube - Terebella conchilega (sand mason worm, aka Lanice conchilega). Length=13cm. D'Arcy Thompson acquired a set of Blaschka's exquistely delicate glass models in 1888. In Growth and Form, D'Arcy refers repeatedly to the art of the glass-blower, perhaps thinking of these very models. Scanned with a Nikon XT H 225ST micro CT scanner. The resulting file is exported as an stl. and imported in to Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Blaschka Glass Model of a Sand Mason Worm
Micro CT scan of a Blaschka model of a sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega) from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. DUNUC 9323 - glass model of Polychaete worm in its characteristic tube - Terebella conchilega (sand mason worm, aka Lanice conchilega). Length=13cm. The sand mason is a species of burrowing marine polychaete worm. It builds a tube which projects from the seabed, consisting of cemented sand grains and shell fragments with a fringe at the top. D'Arcy Thompson acquired a set of Blaschka's exquistely delicate glass models in 1888. In Growth and Form, D'Arcy refers repeatedly to the art of the glass-blower, perhaps thinking of these very models. Scanned with a Nikon XT H 225ST micro CT scanner. The resulting file is exported as an stl. and imported in to Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 9 in A new species of stag beetle from sand dunes in west Texas, and a synopsis of the genus Nicagus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae: Nicagini)
FIGURE 9. Distribution of Nearctic species of Nicagus, indicated by triangles (N. occultus), or circles (N. obscurus). An open circle indicates a state record without specific locality data.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of stag beetle from sand dunes in west Texas, and a synopsis of the genus Nicagus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae: Nicagini)
FIGURE 4. Protibial dentation (dorsal view) of male: a) N. occultus, b) N. obscurus, and c) N. japonicus.
FIGURES 5–8. 5 in A new species of stag beetle from sand dunes in west Texas, and a synopsis of the genus Nicagus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae: Nicagini)
FIGURES 5–8. 5. Lateral view of male N. occultus, illustrating diagnostic characters: short, conical metatibia; weakly curved claws; and dorsally curved parameres. 6. Lateral view of elongate male metatibia of N. obscurus. 7. Apex of metatibiae of male N. occultus. 8. Male genitalia of N. occultus (dorsal view), showing rounded apex of median lobe.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of sun-spider from sand dunes in Coahuila, Mexico, (Arachnida: Solifugae: Eremobatidae)
FIGURE 3. Eremocosta arenarum sp. nov. Detail of male cheliceral fixed finger, showing the mesoventral groove.
FIGURES 1–2 in A new species of sun-spider from sand dunes in Coahuila, Mexico, (Arachnida: Solifugae: Eremobatidae)
FIGURES 1–2. Eremocosta arenarum sp. nov. 1 Ectal view of right male chelicera lateral view, 2 Mesal view of right male chelicera. Scale 1mm.
FIGURES 5–6 in A new species of sun-spider from sand dunes in Coahuila, Mexico, (Arachnida: Solifugae: Eremobatidae)
FIGURES 5–6.Eremocosta arenarum sp. nov. 5 Ectal view of right chelicerae of the putative female, 6 Mesal view of right putative female chelicera. Scale 1mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Liolaemus from Añelo sand dunes, northern Patagonia, Neuquén, Argentina, and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus wiegmannii species group (Squamata, Iguania, Liolaemini)
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Liolaemus cuyumhue with other species of the wiegmannii group as shown by the consensus Bayesian tree. Posterior probabilities and maximum parsimony bootstrap values are shown above and below branches.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Liolaemus from Añelo sand dunes, northern Patagonia, Neuquén, Argentina, and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus wiegmannii species group (Squamata, Iguania, Liolaemini)
FIGURE 3. Known distribution of wiegmannii species group. Large red star: type locality of Liolaemus cuyumhue. Red squares, L. azarai; orange squares: L. multimaculatus; green squares: L. salinicola; green circles: L. lutzae; yellow circles: L.scapularis; red circles: L. arambarensis; pink circles: L. occipitalis; blue circles: L.wiegmannii; black stars: L. riojanus; yellow square: L. rabinoi. Inset: satellite image of the Añelo basin, a red star mark the type locality.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Liolaemus from Añelo sand dunes, northern Patagonia, Neuquén, Argentina, and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus wiegmannii species group (Squamata, Iguania, Liolaemini)
FIGURE 1. Liolaemus cuyumhue in life, lateral and ventral view of holotype (MACN 38981), adult male 51.2 mm in SVL.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Liolaemus from Añelo sand dunes, northern Patagonia, Neuquén, Argentina, and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus wiegmannii species group (Squamata, Iguania, Liolaemini)
FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral color variation in the type series of Liolaemus cuyumhue (museum numbers are in diagnosis).
FIGURES 100–107 in Velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) of the Algodones sand dunes of California, USA
FIGURES 100–107. Sphaeropthalma arota, male: 100. genitalia, dorsal view right, ventral left; 101. head, dorsal view; and 102. mandible, lateral view. Photomorphus clandestina, male, 103. genitalia, dorsal view left, ventral right; 104. mandible, lateral view; and 105. mesosternal processes, oblique angle, posterior view. Odontophotopsis bellona, male, 106. mesosternal processes, anterior view; Photomorphus clandestina, male, 107. genitalia, dorsal view left, ventral right.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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