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2,162 results for “glands”
Tactic-specific antimicrobial activity suggests a parental care function for accessory glands in a marine toadfish
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Data from: Pathology and epidemiology of ceruminous gland tumors among endangered Santa Catalina Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) in the Channel Islands, USA
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Diet nutritional condition affects tergal gland secretion and courtship success of male cockroaches
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Morphology of parotoid glands in cane toads
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Data from: Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
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Clinical and histopathological features of 81 cases of canine apocrine gland carcinoma of the anal sac
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Figure 10 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 10 Organization of podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculata.TEM. a – Transformation of the end-piece of coxal gland into the bladder in longitudinal section and formation of a cuticle of the bladder arrows(). Scale bar – 2 μm; b – Formation of the cuticle of the bladder above short microvilli of the duct-forming cells (arrow). Scale bar – 1 μm; c – Concentration and joining of glands' ducts at the caudal end of the epistomal apodeme. Scale bar – 5 μm; d – The gnathosomal base in transverse section showing posterior portions of the subcheliceral cavity (arrows). Scale bar – 10 μm. amg – anterior medial gland; bl – bladder; cha – cheliceral apodeme; d – duct; dfc – duct-forming cell; epa – epistomal apodeme; glc – gland cell; gll – gland lumen; m – mitochondria; ms – muscles; n – nucleus; ph – pharynx; pmg – posterior medial gland.
Figure 9 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 9 Organization of labyrinth (a-b) and end-piece (c-d) of coxal glands in unfed larvae L. maculata.TEM. a – Basal portion of the gland cells bordering the brain containing a large residual body and an extensive stack of RER. Note septate junction between the adjacent cells (arrow). Scale bar – 1 μm; b – Portion of the labyrinth with a collapsed lumen and muscle fiber applying to the gland wall. Scale bar – 2 μm; c – Nerve termination with synaptic vesicles at the gland wall. Scale bar – 0.5 μm; d – Transverse section through the end-piece with a dilated lumen without microvilli. Note particular membrane profiles in the basal cell portion (arrow). Scale bar – 2 μm. bl – basal lamina; blm – basal lamina; br – brain; gll – gland lumen; h – hemacoelic space; m – mitochondria; mg – midgut; ms – muscles; mt – microtubules; mv – microvilli; n – nucleus; nu – nucleolus; rb – residual body; rer – rough endoplasmic reticulum: sv – synaptic vesicles.
Figure 6 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 6 Lateral podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculata.TEM. a – Collapsed gland with apparent cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum and irregularly shaped vacuoles. Scale bar – 2 µζ; b – Portion of the gland at higher magnification showing the large nucleus and ER cisterns. Note vacuole with a fine-structures matrix (arrow). Arrowheadindicates a smooth basal cell zone. Scale bar – 1 µζ; c – Enlarged highly vacuolated gland tightly applied to ventral gland from above in longitudinal section. Scale bar – 5 μm; d – Central gland portion of the same gland indicating expanded intra-alveolar lumen. Arrows point to microvilli of the duct-forming cells. Scale bar – 1 μm; e – Duct base of the gland. Scale bar – 1 µζ. dfc – duct-forming cell; du – duct; dw – duct wall; er – endoplasmic reticulum; ey – eye; ial – intra-alveolar lumen; lg – lateral gland; m - mitochondria; mg – midgut; ms – muscle; n – nucleus; nu – nucleolus; v – vacuole; vg – ventral gland.
Figure 5 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 5 Ventral podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculata.TEM. a – Compact ventral gland at the medial wall of the bladder of a coxal gland. Scale bar – 5 μm; b – Central portion of ventral gland. Note extensions of duct-forming cells flanking lacunas of the intra-alveolar lumen (arrows) and microvilli of these cells penetrating the lumen (arrowheads). Scale bar – 2 μm; c – Ventral gland on longitudinal section showing the intra-alveolar lumen. Note reinforcing bundles of fibrils within the electron-clear duct wall (arrows). Scale bar – 2 μm; d – Intra-alveolar lumen encompassed by duct-forming cells with short irregular microvilli (arrows) penetrating the lumen. Scale bar – 1 μm; e – Portion of the intra-alveolar lumen showing duct-forming cells contacting via septate junctions (arrows). Arrowheadsindicate microvilli of the duct-forming cells. Scale bar – 0.5µζ. bl – bladder; dfc – duct-forming cell; ey – eye; ial – intra-alveolar lumen; lg – lateral gland; m – mitochondria; ms – muscles; n – nucleus; nu – nucleolus; sg – secretory granules; vg – ventral gland.
Figure 3 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 3 Medial podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculata.TEM. a – Central gland portion with the intra-alveolar lumen. Scale bar – 2 μm; b – Peripheral gland portion with nucleus and heterogeneous secretory granules bordering midgut. Note flat basal plasma membrane of the gland cell facing the midgut (arrow). Scale bar – 2 μm; c – Middle gland portion with the duct base. Note a fine-granular substance within the duct lumen (arrow). Scale bar – 1 μm; d – Basal cells portion appressed with the brain. Note flat basal plasma membrane of the gland cell and the flat basal lamina (arrow). Note also single ribosomes of the vesicle membrane (arrowhead). Scale bar – 1 μm; e – Border between the anterior medial and ventral glands with practically imperceptible basal lamina between them (arrow). Note the basal lamina between the glands and the brain (arrowhead). Scale bar – 0.5 μm. amg – anterior medial gland; cv – clear vesicles; dfc – duct-forming cell; dw – duct wall; ial – intra-alveolar lumen; mg – midgut; n – nucleus; nu – nucleolus; sg – secretory granules; vg – ventral gland.
Figure 2 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 2 Podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculataon sagittal (a) and transverse section on the level of brain and pharynx (b). TEM. a – Podocephalic glands on section slightly apart from the axial line. Scale bar – 20 μm; b – Mixed association of glands and ducts above and sides of the brain. Note the collapsed distal bladder of the coxal gland (not seen on this section) on the right-hand side. Scale bar – 20 μm. – anterior medial gland; bl – bladder; br – brain; ial – intra-alveolar lumen; lg – lateral gland; mg – midgut; ms – muscles; pc – podocephalic canal; ph – pharynx; pmg – posterior medial gland; vg – ventral gland.
Figure 7 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 7 Coxal gland in unfed larvaL. maculata.TEM. Longitudinal section of the larva showing the whole gland length composed of the two tightly opposed tubes/ labyrinth surrounded by different body tissues. Scale bar – 10 μm. bl – bladder; br – brain; cgl – coxal gland; eye; mg – midgut; ms – muscles; neph – nephrocytes.
Figure 4 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 4 Ventral podocephalic glands in unfed larvaeL. maculata. TEM. a – General view of the gland bordering the anterior medial gland and the brain. Note flat margins of the gland facing neighboring organs (arrows). Scale bar – 5µζ; b – Border of the ventral and the anterior medial glands showing flat basal plasma membranes with the absence of the noticeable basal lamina (arrows). Arrowheadspoint to microvilli on the apical cell surface facing the intra-alveolar lumen. Note that the duct –forming cells also bears microvilli interdigitating within the lumen. Scale bar – 1µζ. amg – anterior medial gland; br – brain; cv – clear vesicles; dfc – duct-forming cell; ial – intra-alveolar lumen; n – nucleus; sg – secretory granules; vg – ventral gland.
Figure 11 in Ultrastructure of the prosomal gland complex in unfed larvae of the fresh-water mite Limnesia maculata (Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae)
Figure 11 Schematical drawing illustrating relative disposition of prosomal glands in unfed larvaeL. maculataof one body side in longitudinal projection. Both medial gland are shown. amg – anterior medial gland; bl – bladder; br – brain; cgl – coxal gland; lg – lateral gland; mg – midgut; mp mouthparts; pmg – posterior medial gland; vg – ventral gland.
Adrenal gland
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 12 March 2020
Full summary statistics of mixQTL for GTEx v8 Minor_Salivary_Gland
The mixQTL method is described in paper doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.050666. Please cite the original paper if using the data.
Data from: Functional role of phenylacetic acid from metapleural gland secretions in controlling fungal pathogens in evolutionarily derived leafcutter ants
Fungus-farming ant colonies vary four to five orders of magnitude in size. They employ compounds from actinomycete bacteria and exocrine glands as antimicrobial agents. Atta colonies have millions of ants and are particularly relevant for understanding hygienic strategies as they have abandoned their ancestors' prime dependence on antibiotic-based biological control in favour of using metapleural gland (MG) chemical secretions. Atta MGs are unique in synthesizing large quantities of phenylacetic acid (PAA), a known but little investigated antimicrobial agent. We show that particularly the smallest workers greatly reduce germination rates of Escovopsis and Metarhizium spores after actively applying PAA to experimental infection targets in garden fragments and transferring the spores to the ants' infrabuccal cavities. In vitro assays further indicated that Escovopsis strains isolated from evolutionarily derived leaf-cutting ants are less sensitive to PAA than strains from phylogenetically more basal fungus-farming ants, consistent with the dynamics of an evolutionary arms race between virulence and control for Escovopsis, but not Metarhizium. Atta ants form larger colonies with more extreme caste differentiation relative to other attines, in societies characterized by an almost complete absence of reproductive conflicts. We hypothesize that these changes are associated with unique evolutionary innovations in chemical pest management that appear robust against selection pressure for resistance by specialized mycopathogens.
Data from: Phylogeny of mental glands, revisited
Mental glands and their associated delivery behaviors during courtship are unique to the plethodontid salamanders. Because previous interpretations of the evolution of these features were conducted using older phylogenetic hypotheses, we reanalyzed these traits with newer courtship descriptions and contemporary phylogenetic methods. Using Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction methods that have been developed since the first phylogenetic analyses were conducted in the mid-1990s, we reconstructed mental gland and courtship behavior evolution on a novel molecular (Rag1) topology of plethodontids. The most probable ancestral condition for plethodontids was resolved as presence of a mental gland. Loss of a mental gland occurred in each subfamily and was recovered as the most probable ancestral condition for the Spelerpinae. In contrast, parsimony reconstruction recovered the presence of a mental gland in the ancestor to Spelerpinae with multiple secondary losses. We hypothesize that that absence of a mental gland is possibly ancestral in some clades (i.e., Spelerpinae), and secondary in others (e.g., paedomorphic Eurycea). The most probable ancestral form of the mental gland is likely to be the large pad-type distributed extensively in Plethodontinae and Bolitoglossinae. Desmognathans have the most unique mental glands, occurring in an anterior protrusion or bifurcated form (in Desmognathus wright). Fan-shaped mental glands evolved independently in Eurycea and Oedipina. Small pads arose independently in Bolitoglossinae, Plethodontinae, and Spelerpinae. Head-rubbing behavior for mental gland delivery mode was recovered as the most probable and parsimonious ancestral state for the Plethodontidae, with independent losses of this behavior in Plethodontinae and Spelerpinae. Because head-rubbing was observed in outgroups, we hypothesize that head-rubbing behavior predated mental gland evolution. Pulling, snapping, slapping, and biting behaviors evolved independently in the Plethodontinae and Spelerpinae and are not homologous with head rubbing. All hypotheses of mental gland and courtship evolution invoke homoplasy.
Data from: Venom gland size and venom complexity – essential trophic adaptations of venomous predators: a case study using spiders
Specialised predators possess variety of adaptations. In the venomous predators this may include size of the venom gland and venom composition. It is expected that due to different foraging strategies predators with a wide trophic niche (generalists) should possess larger venom glands that contain more diversified components than species with a narrow niche (specialists). We focused on spiders, as the most diversified group of venomous predators, in which a wide variety of trophic strategies has evolved. We conducted a comparative analysis using 40 spider species, in which we measured the size of their venom gland and its complexity using proteome profiling methods. The species were classified into three trophic groups: generalists, facultative specialists, and obligatory specialists. We found that the venom glands of generalists are larger than those of obligatory specialists, which is presumably due to more frequent prey capture by the former. The complexity of venom, of peptides (2-15 kDa) and proteins (15-250 kDa), was more diverse in generalists than in specialists. Multivariate analysis of venom revealed significant differences among the three trophic categories only in the complexity of peptides. Our study thus shows that venom gland size and its content have taken different pathways during the evolution of trophic strategies in spiders. Generalists evolved larger venom glands with more complex composition, whereas obligatory specialists possess smaller glands with less diverse chemical structures, presumably containing prey-specific toxins.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.