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1,245 results for “hypothesis”
FIGURES 1a–1d, 2a–2b & 3 in On the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae, Zodariinae) in India with the description of three new species from the Western Ghats and proposing a new biogeographical hypothesis for the distribution of the genus
FIGURES 1a–1d, 2a–2b & 3. Hermippus globosus sp. nov. 1a Female (holotype) habitus, dorsal view; 1b Female habitus, ventral view; 1c Female habitus, prolateral view; 1d Female, frontal view. 2a Epigyne; 2b Internal duct system. 3 Posterior ventral spines.
FIGURES 4a–4b in On the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae, Zodariinae) in India with the description of three new species from the Western Ghats and proposing a new biogeographical hypothesis for the distribution of the genus
FIGURES 4a–4b. Hermippus globosus sp. nov. Female copulatory organ. 4a Epigyne; 4b Internal duct system. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilization duct; MS = Median septum; PB = Posterior border line of the epigyne; SH = Spermathecal head. Scale bars: 4a, 0.13 mm; 4b, 0.15 mm.
FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O 4 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O 4 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Simon 1879). Simon was the first to define a group that he called Plagiostethi (green), as opposed to the Mecostethi (here represented by Gonyleptes and identical to Thorell's Laniatores). This name as of today has been abandoned in favor of a different usage of the name Palpatores Thorell.
FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O 3 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O 3 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Thorell 1876). Thorell created the name Palpatores (green) as opposed to the also new group Laniatores (here represented by Gonyleptes). Thorell's Palpatores is currently called Cyphopalpatores Martens (blue), a name coined a century later, while the name Palpatores is used for another group (see Fig. 4 below). Thorell also recognized what later was to be known as Dyspnoi (blue), following Sørensen (1873).
FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O 2 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O 2 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Sundevall 1833). The original concept of the Opiliones (" Opiliones " in green) excluded the Cyphophthalmi (here represented by Siro). This group is currently called Phalangida (in blue). Ischyropsalis was still to be unknown for 6 years.
FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O 1 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O 1 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Latreille 1802). The clade which is today called Opiliones (in blue, below) was originally called " Phalangiens " (in green, above). Members of the Laniatores and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time.
FIGURE 7. Hypothesis O 7 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 7. Hypothesis O 7 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Mello-Leitão 1944). This author combined some older hypotheses such as the dichotomy Laniatores versus Palpatores (still using the original Thorell's concept) and reintroduced the Apagosterni.
FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O 6 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O 6 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Hansen & Sørensen 1904). The Danes kept the solid Plagiostethi (= " Palpatores " in blue) and dismantled the Apagosterni resurrecting and firstly naming Thorell's Dyspnoi as opposed to the Eupnoi. This hypothesis was also defended by Roewer (1923) and Shear (1975) and became the classic triad of the 20 th century: Cyphophthalmi, Palpatores and Laniatores.
FIGURE 5. Hypothesis O 5 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
FIGURE 5. Hypothesis O 5 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Pocock 1902). Pocock suggested a group formed by today's Phalangioidea + Ischyropsalidoidea, thus introducing the name and the concept of Apagosterni. Loman (1903) was the first to accept this clade, which alternately lost and regained favor, but endured for a century.
FIGURES 10–15 in Mature larva of Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae): redescription, hypothesis of displaced epicranial suture and alternative interpretation of homology between chaetotaxic structures
FIGURES 10–15. Larva of Stenichnus godarti. Head in dorsal (10) and ventral (11) views; left (12) and right (13) antenna in dorsal view; right (14) and left (15) maxilla in ventral view. Abbreviations: Ag, antennal gland; An1–3, antennomere I–III; Cd, cardo; Da, dorsoanterior seta; De, dorsoepicranial seta; Df, dorsofrontal seta; Dl, dorsolateral seta; Dp, dorsoposterior seta; Es, frontal arm of epicranial suture; Est, epicranial stem; L, lateral seta; l, lentiform structure; La, labral anterior seta; Ma, mala; Md. mandible; MdS, mandibular seta; Mn, mentum; Mxp1–3, maxillary palpomere II–III; Ptp, posterior tentorial pit; SA, sensory appendage; Smn, submentum; sol, solenidion; St, stemma; Stp, stipes; V, ventral seta; Va, ventroanterior seta; Vl, ventrolateral seta.
FIGURE 20 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 20. Male genitalia of Punargentus and Stuardosatyrus species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All drawings to the same scale. A–C: Punargentus lamna (Thieme, 1904) (CUIC) (uncus (A) and right valva (C) damaged); D–F: Punargentus chiliensis chiliensis (Guérin-Méneville, [1830) n. comb. (CH32-2) showing ornamentation on the aedeagus (E); G–I: Punargentus monticolens (Butler, 1881) n. comb. (CH24A-5); J–L: Stuardosatyrus williamsianus (Butler, 1868) (JMC1003), showing ornamentation on the aedeagus (K).
FIGURE 17 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 17. Male genitalia of Neosatyrus species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All to the same scale. A–C: Neosatyrus ambiorix Wallengren, 1858 from the UJ collection; D–F: Neosatyrus boisduvalii (Blanchard, 1852) n. comb. from the UJ collection; G–I: Neosatyrus humilis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) n. comb. CH40-5; J–L: Neosatyrus schajovskoii (Hayward, 1954) n. comb. from UJ collection, (K) showing ornamentation on the aedeagus.
FIGURE 14 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 14. Male genitalia of Elina and Nelia species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All to the same scale. A–C: Elina vanessoides Blanchard, 1852 (CUIC); D–F: Elina montrolii (Feisthamel, 1839) (CH25-1); G–I: Nelia nemyroides (Blanchard, 1852) (CUIC); J–L: Nelia calvertii (Elwes, 1903) (CUIC).
FIGURE 11 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 11. Composite habitus images of Punargentus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A: Punargentus lamna (Thieme, 1904) male (MZUJ); B: Punargentus angusta picota (Fuchs, 1954) male, Pampa Galeras, Ayacucho, Peru, 4200m (photo reproduced from Cerdeña et al. 2014, open access); C: Punargentus blanchardii blanchardii (Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 2010) n. comb. holotype male (photo reproduced from Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 2010, open access); D: Punargentus monticolens (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (MZUJ); E, F: Punargentus gustavi (Staudinger, 1898) n. comb., two specimens from Tacna Prov., Peru showing variability in the degree of silver scaling on the dorsal surface (photos reproduced from Cerdeña et al., 2014, open access); G, H: Punargentus chiliensis chiliensis (Guérin-Méneville, [1830) n. comb. male (G) and female (H) (MZUJ).
FIGURE 10. A, B in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 10. A, B: Pampasatyrus reticulata (Weymer, 1907), dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of a living specimen. Pedra do Bão, Campos de Jordão, Brazil, 1756m S 22° 40.541', W 45° 37.890', 6 Feb. 2015 (Photos by Bill Berthet, used with permission); C: Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (Köhler, 1939) ventral view of a living specimen, Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina, 17–24 Feb. 2013. (Photo by Alec Earnshaw, used with permission); D: Punargentus tandilensis (Köhler, 1935) n. comb. Tandil, Buenos Aires Prov., Argentina, Photo by Rittner Oz. http://www.argentinean-insects.com/satyrinae.htm (used with permission).
FIGURE 9 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 9. Composite habitus images of Pampasatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A: Pampasatyrus gyrtone (Berg, 1877) male (BMNH#809453); B: Pampasatyrus edmondsii (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (MZUJ); C: Pampasatyrus glaucope (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) male (BMNH#789978); D: Pampasatryrus gorkyi Pyrcz, Cerdeña and Zacca, 2014 holotype male (scale bar = 1 cm; reproduced from Cerdeña et al., 2014, open access); E: Pampasatyrus nilesi (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) male (MZUJ); F: Pampasatyrus quies (Berg, 1877) male (MZUJ).
FIGURE 8 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 8. Composite habitus images of Neosatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A: Neosatyrus ambiorix Wallengren, 1858 male holotype (NRM); B: Neosatyrus boisduvalii (Blanchard, 1852) male (MZUJ); C, D: Neosatyrus humilis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) n. comb. male lectotype (BMNH#809786) (C), male paralectotype (BMNH#809783) (D); E: Neosatyrus schajovskoii (Hayward, 1954) n. comb. male (MZUJ); F: Neosatyrus vesagus (Doubleday, [1849]), male holotype (BMNH Rh3875) illustration reproduced from Elwes (1903, plate XIV, Fig. 9).
FIGURE 7 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 7. Composite habitus images of Neomaenas species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Neomaenas inornata Elwes 1903. Lithographs of male holotype (BMNH#Rh3864) (A), and female allotype (BMNH) (B), (reproduced from Plate XIV of Elwes, 1903, Figure 19); C, D: Neomaenas monachus (Blanchard, 1852)—male N. monachus monachus (C), male N. monachus limonias (MZUJ) (D); E, F: Neomaenas poliozona (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) male holotype N. poliozona (BMNH#809789) (E), male holotype N. poliozona eustephanos Matz nom. nov. (BMNH#809619) (F); G: Neomaenas simplex (Butler, 1881) male holotype (BMNH#Rh3878); H: Neomaenas tristis (Guérin-Méneville, [1830]) male (MZUJ); I, J: Neomaenas wallengrenii Butler, 1881, male lectotype (BMNH#809361) (I), female paralectotype (BMNH#809362)(J).
FIGURE 5 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 5. Composite habitus images of Elina and Nelia species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Elina montrolii (Feisthamel, 1839) male (A) and female (B) (MZUJ); C: Elina vanessoides Blanchard, 1852 male (CUIC); D, E: Nelia nemyroides (Blanchard, 1852) male (D) and female (E) (CUIC); F, G: Nelia calvertii (Elwes, 1903)) lectotype male (BMNH#809740) (F), female paralectotype (BMNH#809739) (G).
FIGURE 19 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 19. Male genitalia of Pampasatyrus species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All drawings to the same scale. A, B: Pampasatryrus gorkyi Pyrcz, Cerdeña and Zacca, 2014. Photos of holotype male (MUSM), with lateral and dorsal views of aedeagus (B) (modified from Cerdeña et al., 2014, open access); C–E: Pampasatyrus nilesi (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (MGCL), (D) showing ornamentation on the aedeagus; F–H: Pampasatyrus quies (Berg, 1877) (BMNH#808376), showing ornamentation on the aedeagus (G).
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