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18,658 results for “impacts”
The Impact of an Open Water Balance Assumption on Understanding the Factors Controlling the Long-term Streamflow Components
<p>The excel file <em>Attributes_manuscript.csv</em> contains the mean annual variables and the catchments' attributes used in the manuscript: "<strong>The Impact of an Open Water Balance Assumption on Understanding the Factors Controlling the Long-term Streamflow Components</strong>". Details of each attributes are indicated in the .txt file <em>Attributes_description.txt</em>.</p>
Experimental and model data for "Nitrogen oxide production in laser-induced breakdown simulating impacts on the Hadean atmosphere"
<p>This is raw data and supporting figures associated with the publication: Heays, A. N., Kaiserová, T., Rimmer, P. B., Knížek, A., Petera, L., Civiš, S., et al. (2022). Nitrogen oxide production in laser-induced breakdown simulating impacts on the Hadean atmosphere. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</em>, 127, e2021JE006842. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006842">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006842</a></p> <p>Two data files contain model output of the ARGO atmospheric photochemistry code that was used to generate figures for Sec. 3 of the paper:</p> <ul> <li>ARGO_model_data_neutral_case.txt</li> <li>ARGO_model_data_reducing_case.txt</li> </ul> <p>The following data files contain a tabulation of laboratory-measured and modelled photoabsorption spectra as described in Sec. 2 of the paper. The A-G letter-encoding of these files follows Table 1 of the paper, and the spectral ranges correspond to the strongest bands of NO, N2O, and NO2. </p> <ul> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_A_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_A_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_A_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_B_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_B_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_B_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_C_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_C_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_C_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_D_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_D_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_D_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_E_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_E_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_E_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_F_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_F_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_F_species_NO.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_G_species_N2O.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_G_species_NO2.txt</li> <li>laboratory_spectrum_experiment_G_species_NO.txt</li> </ul> <p>The following file contains a tabulation of the full-spectral-range laboratory-measured photoabsorption spectrum of experiment A, along with a modelled spectrum.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/49f05962-9a34-4bbc-855c-1a0976f62531/laboratory_spectrum_experiment_A_full_spectrum.txt?versionId=79a70ade-63d1-4fd7-b423-176e27f8dc37">laboratory_spectrum_experiment_A_full_spectrum.txt </a></li> </ul> <p>The following file contains plots of the experimental spectra for all NxOy species in all measurements as well as the residual error of models fit to these spectra. Additional residual errors of model neglecting NxOy species indicates their contribution to the spectra.</p> <ul> <li>laboratory_spectrum_figures.pdf</li> </ul> <p> </p>
The impacts of management interventions on the sociality of African lions (Panthera leo): implications for lion conservation
<ol> <li>African lion (<em>Panthera leo</em>) populations normally consist of several neighbouring prides and multiple adult males or groups of males that interact competitively. In large, open systems, cub defence from infanticidal males and territory defence drive group living in lions. However, in smaller (< 1,000 km<sup>2</sup>), fenced wildlife reserves, opportunities for natural immigration and emigration are limited which means that the evolutionary drivers of lion sociality may collapse.</li> <li>Here, we use lion behavioural data collected from 16 wildlife reserves across South Africa to test how management-induced ecological conditions alter lion social dynamics.</li> <li>The number of lionesses observed together was best predicted by pride size, prey biomass and biome. Lionesses were less likely to group together as pride size increased, but more likely to group together as prey biomass and habitat productivity increased. In addition, adult males were observed more frequently with prides that had young (< 12 months) cubs in reserves that had unfamiliar adult males present compared to reserves without any unfamiliar adult males.</li> </ol> <p>Our results demonstrate how intra-specific competition between lions drives their sociality, and this may break down in small, fenced wildlife reserves where lions are actively managed. Although small, fenced reserves in South Africa have made a significant contribution to increasing lion numbers on the continent, our work highlights several important ecological implications of active lion management. For wildlife managers, mimicking the outcomes of different levels of intra-specific competition is likely a critical management tool for the persistence of lions in small reserves.</p>
Life cycle-based environmental impacts of energy scenarios - additional data
<p>This data set documents additional results of the paper "Life cycle-based environmental impacts of energy system transformation strategies for Germany: Are climate and environmental protection conflicting goals?" (Tobias Naegler and co-authors, published in Energy Reports (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.143). It shows life cycle-based environmental impacts for 10 different transformation strategies for the German energy and transport system.</p>
Data to support the publication "The Impact of Soil-Improving Cropping Practices on Erosion Rates: A Stakeholder-Oriented Field Experiment Assessment" https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964
<p>Underlying data of soil measurements and analysis by TUC team for the publication “The Impact of Soil-Improving Cropping Practices on Erosion Rates: A Stakeholder-Oriented Field Experiment Assessment” <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964">https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964</a> from the SoilCare project study sites in Crete. </p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>The risk of erosion is particularly high in Mediterranean areas, especially in areas that are subject to a not so effective agricultural management–or with some omissions–, land abandonment or wildfires. Soils on Crete are under imminent threat of desertification, characterized by loss of vegetation, water erosion, and subsequently, loss of soil. Several large-scale studies have estimated average soil erosion on the island between 6 and 8 Mg/ha/year, but more localized investigations assess soil losses one order of magnitude higher. An experiment initiated in 2017, under the framework of the SoilCare H2020 EU project, aimed to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the soil erosion. The experiment was set up in control versus treatment experimental design including different sets of treatments, targeting the most important cultivations on Crete (olive orchards, vineyards, fruit orchards). The minimum-to-no tillage practice was adopted as an erosion mitigation practice for the olive orchard study site, while for the vineyard site, the cover crop practice was used. For the fruit orchard field, the crop-type change procedure (orange to avocado) was used. The experiment demonstrated that soil-improving cropping techniques have an important impact on soil erosion, and as a result, on soil water conservation that is of primary importance, especially for the Mediterranean dry regions. The demonstration of the findings is of practical use to most stakeholders, especially those that live and work with the local land.</p>
The impact of galaxy selection on the splashback boundaries of galaxy clusters (Data)
<p>Data from O'Neil et al. (2022), The impact of galaxy selection on the splashback boundaries of galaxy clusters.</p>
Predator-based selection and the impact of edge sympatry on components of coral snake mimicry
<p>Mimicry is a vivid example of how predator-driven selection can impact phenotypic diversity, which itself can be influenced by the presence (sympatry) or absence (allopatry) of a dangerous model. However, the impact of sympatry and allopatry on predation on mimicry systems at fine spatial scales (e.g., edge sympatry, allopatry) is not well understood. We used a clay model study in a montane tropical site in Honduras to test the impact of edge sympatry on 1) overall attack rates, 2) the fitness benefit of mimetic coloration, 3) predation on specific mimetic signal components, and 4) temporal variation in predator-based selection on mimicry components. Unlike previous research, we found that mimetic phenotypes received significantly more attacks than cryptic replicas in edge sympatry, suggesting that mimetic phenotypes might not confer a fitness benefit in areas of edge sympatry. Additionally, we documented temporal variation in predator-based selection, as the impacts of allopatry on predatory attacks varied among years. Our results imply that the effect of sympatry and allopatry on predator-based selection in mimicry systems may be more complex than previously thought for species-rich assemblies of coral snakes and their mimics in the montane tropics.</p>
Scenario data for article: Environmental impacts of key metals' supply and low-carbon technologies are likely to decrease in the future
<p>This dataset contains the background scenarios for metal supply used for the publication <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13181">"Environmental impacts of key metals' supply and low-carbon technologies are likely to decrease in the future"</a> in the Journal of Industrial Ecology (2021).</p> <p><strong>Scenario description:</strong></p> <p>These background scenarios comprise five variables for the metals of copper, nickel, zinc, and lead for the time period of 2010-2050. These variables are:<br> V1: ore grade decline and energy requirements</p> <p>V2: market shares of primary production locations</p> <p>V3: energy efficiency improvements during smelting and refining</p> <p>V4: market shares of primary production routes</p> <p>V5: market shares of primary and secondary production.<br> <br> The associated <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13181">article</a> in the Journal of Industrial Ecology describes the modelling assumptions and data sources of the scenarios. It also conducts impact assessments for future metal supply and low-carbon technologies with these metal scenarios as well as additional electricity supply scenarios from the IAM of <a href="https://models.pbl.nl/image/index.php/Download#IMAGE_input_data_for_the_Prospective_Life_Cycle_Assessment_model">IMAGE</a> from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12825">Mendoza Beltran et al. (2020)</a> in the background .</p> <p><strong>How to use this dataset:</strong></p> <p>The background scenarios are suitable for the life cycle inventory database of ecoinvent version 3.5 or 3.6 (allocation, cut-off by classification). They can be incorporated into ecoinvent either via the brightway-based module of <a href="https://github.com/PascalLesage/presamples">presamples</a> or using the <a href="https://github.com/LCA-ActivityBrowser">activity-browser</a> and its scenario-based calculation set-up. Thereby, they can be used as background scenarios for any other prospective LCA based on ecoinvent 3.5 or 3.6.</p> <p>Moreover, they can be combined with the electricity supply scenarios of the IAM of <a href="https://models.pbl.nl/image/index.php/Download#IMAGE_input_data_for_the_Prospective_Life_Cycle_Assessment_model">IMAGE</a> from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12825">Mendoza Beltran et al. (2020)</a> using the <a href="https://github.com/LCA-ActivityBrowser/brightway-superstructure">superstructure approach</a> of the activity-browser (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01974-2">de Koning & Steubing 2020</a>).</p> <p>Before using the dataset, please adjust the "database" columns to the name of your database, e.g. "ecoinvent3.5", and potentially also the "key" columns.</p> <p>Versions of the scenarios applicable to ecoinvent 3.7.1 or 3.8 may be added later.</p> <p><strong>License: </strong>The metal supply scenario data is licensed under the CC-BY 4.0 license.</p>
The impact of headache in the workplace
<p>data of the paper submitted to the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</p>
Land use fractions and human impact index in 101 Canadian lake watersheds
<p>Land use fractions (urban, mines, agriculture, pasture, forestry, managed grassland, water and natural landscape) and associated human impact index in 101 lake watersheds sampled as part the NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse Network project. Land use and human impact index were calculated as described in Huot et al. (2019).</p> <p>Lakes IDs with respective locations (longitude and latitude coordinates) and Continental Basin allocations can be found here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4701262">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4701262</a></p> <p>Reference</p> <p>Huot, Y., C. A. Brown, G. Potvin, and others. 2019. The NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse Network: A national assessment of lake health providing science for water management in a changing climate. Sci. Total Environ. <strong>695</strong>: 133668. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133668</p>
Raw data for Facemasks and face recognition: Potential impact on synaptic plasticity
<p>Figure 2 legend Upper panel. In control condition, visual sensory inputs from in- dividual’s face are encoded by the face recognition system. At system level (a), this process implies functional and structural modifications in multiple brain regions, whereas at cellular level (b), this promotes the induction of distinct forms of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP, LTD, respectively). Lower panel. Wearing face masks consis- tently reduces the amount of information, by excluding the lower part of the face, including nose and mouth. Thus, both at system and cellular level, such mismatch impairs long-term functional and structural plasticity. In particular, at synaptic level, LTP induction will be favored, whereas LTD will be impaired. The black traces indicate the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in control condition; the red traces represent the long-term changes in synaptic efficacy after the induction protocol.</p>
Long-term simulation of snow cover and its potential impacts on seasonal frost dynamics in croplands across southern Canada
<p><em>In northern climes, accurate simulation of thermal and hydrological budgets for farmlands during overwintering conditions is crucial to both an accurate prediction of spring flooding and the successful management of nutrient losses. As snow cover influences soil freezing dynamics, it has been hypothesized that reduced snow cover due to warmer winters might increase the depth and duration of frozen soil conditions. Nonetheless, such impacts remain poorly understood and, given the difficulty in measuring the depth of frozen soil, no long-term field experiment has documented these potential effects. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Drawing upon observed snow depth and soil temperature data collected from six research farms across Southern Canada over various time spans from 1989 to 2020, the Root Zone Water Quality Model, integrated with the Simultaneous Heat and Water model, was calibrated and validated. The potential influence of warmer winter on shifts in soil frost dynamics was evaluated by estimating the depth and duration of frozen soil for each farmland site under various RCP temperature scenarios using the RZ-SHAW model. Soil frozen depth in Eastern site increased with the increase of RCP temperature scenarios in some years, but decreased under the highest RCP temperature scenario. The monthly relationship between snow depth and soil frozen depth was determined through partial correlation analysis. Snow was most effective in alleviating soil freezing in the months of January and February, a period when snow cover depth was least affected by warming air temperatures. This paper suggests that Global warming induced-snow cover reduction would be site-specific and is </em>more likely to occur in <em>regions where energy lost through reduced snow cover would outweigh the energy gained through warmer air temperature.</em></p>
Data sets for assessing potential CC impacts on the activity of the Vögelsberg landslide
<p>Bias-corrected air temperature and precipitation time series (RCM sample from EURO CORDEX) for Kleinvolderberg station near the Vögelsberg landslide (OAL-AT) under RCP8.5, monthly water balance components derived from an empirical model for six elevation steps under current and potential land cover conditions for 1950-2100, median monthly displacement and current hydrological forcing of the Vögelsberg landslide</p>
Future water level, discharge, and flood maps under climate change and infrastructure impacts along the Cambodian Mekong.
<p>Baseline and future (2036-2065) river water levels and discharges at 4 gauging stations along the Cambodian Mekong (Kratie, Kampong Cham, Chrouy Changva, and Neak Loeung) under different scenarios of climate change (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and infrastructural developments. Average depth and duration flood maps are also included for each scenario.</p> <p> </p> <p>A full description of the methods and results can be found in the article: </p> <p>Alexander J. Horton, Nguyen V. K. Triet, Long P. Hoang, Sokchhay Heng, Panha Hok, Sarit Chung, Jorma Koponen, and Matti Kummu. (2022). The Cambodian Mekong floodplain under future development plans and climate change. <em>Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.</em></p>
Supplementary data for article "Small hydropower – small ecological footprint? A multi-annual environmental impact analysis using aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Part 2: effects on functional diversity" by Scotti A., et al.
<p>Supplementary data for article "Small hydropower – small ecological footprint? A multi-annual environmental impact analysis using aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Part 2: effects on functional diversity" by Scotti A., et al.:</p> <p><br> - Trait-based distances calculated for each pair of taxa;</p> <p>- CWM, CWM(LN) values, and their difference (CWMDIFF)</p> <p>Refer to the published articles for further details.</p>
Data for "Examining functional impact and trophic morphology of small, sand-sifting fishes on coral reefs"
<p>This data is the product of the study published as "<strong>Examining functional impact and trophic morphology of small, sand-sifting fishes on coral reefs </strong>"</p> <p>It contains:<br> Feeding depth count of the two fish species used</p> <p>Granulometry on the experimental sediment</p> <p>Gut content analysis of the 8 fish used in the experiment. Measurements of maximum and minimum size of each individual prey item noted.</p> <p>Feeding experiment count data. ID and count data of meiobenthos (benthic meiofauna) found during the feeding experiment. The benthic community was assessed in 3 replicates for each fish individual at each timepoint. See the methods in publications for details or contact the Ole Brodnicke or Camilla Hansen for details. </p>
Assessing the Impact of Pest Monitoring Traps on Bombus griseocollis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Growth and Development
<p>Insect traps use visual and olfactory cues to attract target pests; however, they vary in their specificity and often unintentionally capture non-target beneficial insects (bycatch), including <em>Bombus</em>. Concerns have been expressed that bycatch may contribute to <em>Bombus</em> mortality and the consequential loss of pollination services. Here, we quantified the impact of trap captures on <em>Bombus griseocollis</em> colony growth and development by evaluating the following four treatments: colonies paired with traps, colonies paired with traps and pheromone lures, traps and pheromone lures (but no colonies), and colonies with no trap and no lure. Trap contents were collected biweekly to determine <em>B. griseocollis </em>capture rates. Colony growth and development data were collected weekly by weighing colonies and recording foraging activity. Based on microsatellite polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, three <em>B. griseocollis </em>were collected from released colonies, while the remaining five were residents within the environment. Given the low number of <em>B. griseocollis </em>workers collected, any differences in colony weight change and active foraging were likely not a result of pest monitoring trap captures. However, trap captures could have a greater impact by interfering with functional diversity, colony establishment, and pollination services, emphasizing the need for additional research. Building on this research will provide a more comprehensive view of the impact of pest monitoring traps on <em>Bombus </em>populations, which could minimize risk to pollinator populations and pollination services.</p>
Sub-national tailoring of malaria interventions in Mainland Tanzania: simulation of the impact of strata-specific intervention combinations using modelling
<p>Simulation dataset. </p>
Ficus trees with upregulated or downregulated defence did not impact predation on their neighbours in a tropical rainforest
<p>Trees can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when under attack by herbivores, and these signals can also be detected by natural enemies and neighbouring trees. There is still limited knowledge of intra- and inter-specific communication in diverse habitats. We studied the effects of induced VOC emissions by three <em>Ficus</em> species on predation on the focal <em>Ficus</em> trees in a lowland tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Further we assessed predation across a phylogenetically diverse set of neighbouring tree species. Two of the focal tree species, <em>Ficus pachyrrhachis</em> and <em>F. hispidioides</em>, have strong alkaloid-based constitutive defences while the third one, <em>F. wassa</em>, is lower in constitutive chemical defences. We experimentally manipulated the jasmonic acid signalling pathway by spraying the focal individuals with either methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA). These treatments induce increases or decreases in VOC emissions, respectively. We tested the possible effects of VOC emissions on each focal <em>Ficus</em> tree and two of its neighbours by measuring the predation rate of plasticine caterpillars. We found that predation increased after the MeJA application in only one focal tree species, <em>F. wassa</em>, while the DIECA application had no effect on any of the three focal species. Further, we did not detect an effect of our treatments on predation rates across neighbouring trees. Neither the phylogenetic distance of the neighbouring tree from the focal tree nor the physical distance from the focal tree had any effect on predation rates for any of the three focal <em>Ficus</em> species. These results suggest that even congeneric tree species vary in their response to the MeJA and DIECA treatment and subsequent response to VOC emissions by predators. Our results also suggest that MeJA effects did not spill over to neighbouring trees in highly diverse tropical rainforest vegetation.</p>
Impacts of Land Use Change and atmospheric CO2 on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), evaporation and climate in Southern Amazon (Open)
<p>This work was carried out in the scope and with the support of the project: Climate Services Through Knowledge Co-Production: A Euro-South American Initiative for Strengthening Societal Adaptation Response to Extreme Events (CLIMAX).</p> <p>The project consortium includes the following institutions: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS/Instituto Franco-Argentino sobre Estudios de Clima y sus Impactos (UMI-IFAECI) (Argentina-France); General Coordination of Earth Sciences /National Institute for Space Research (INPE) (Brazil); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)/ Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR 245) (France); Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) (France); Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) (Germany); Technical University of Munich (TUM) (Germany) and Wageningen University and Research (WUR) Netherlands). The project is sponsored by the Collaborative Research Action (CRA) on “Climate Predictability and Inter-Regional Linkages” of the Belmont Forum, launched in 2015.</p> <p>Climate variability patterns linking the South American Monsoon region, including Amazonia, with southeastern South America influence climate extremes and impact several societal sectors. More than 200 million people live in the study region, which is also one of the largest agricultural production regions of the world and home to the world’s second largest hydroelectric power plant.</p> <p>The objectives of CLIMAX include better understanding the combined role of remote and local drivers on South American climate variability from sub-seasonal to decadal timescales, and its impact on the occurrence and intensity of extreme events. Special focus is given to an improved understanding of the effects of land use changes from the Amazon to the subtropics and their impact on climate.</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>EXPERIMENT DESIGN</strong></p> </li> </ol> <p>We used four models that are classified as Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) (Prentice et al., 2007; Rezende et al., 2015): Integrated Model of Land Surface Processes (INLAND) (Tourigny, 2014); Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land model version 4 (LPJmL4) (Schaphoff et al., 2018), Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS) (Smith et al. 2001, Hickler et al., 2012), and Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems model (ORCHIDEE) (Krinner et al., 2005).</p> <p>We used three forcings with climate data (GLDAS, GSWP3, and WATCH+WFDEI), Land Use Change (LUC) data and validation data (FLUXCOM (Remote sensor+meteorological data+artificial neural network approach), FLUXCOM (eddy covariance), MODIS (Light Use Efficiency), GLEAM, and TerraClimate (Rezende et al., 2022).</p> <p>We conducted two sets of simulation experiments with different values of CO2: 1) increasing CO2 from the pre-industrial period to 2010 named <strong>historical CO</strong><strong>2</strong> (<strong>hist CO</strong><strong>2</strong>); 2) constant concentration of 278 ppm of (pre-industrial) atmospheric CO2 named <strong>constant CO</strong><strong>2</strong><strong> (const CO</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>)</strong>. We ran both CO2 experiments under <strong>Land Use Change</strong> (<strong>LUC</strong>) and <strong>Potential Natural Vegetation </strong>(<strong>PNV</strong>) conditions. All combinations of CO2 and land use change resulted in four sets of simulation experiments per climate input: 1. <strong>LUC historical CO</strong><strong>2</strong>; 2. <strong>LUC constant CO</strong><strong>2</strong>; 3. <strong>PNV historical CO</strong><strong>2</strong>; 4. <strong>PNV constant CO</strong><strong>2 </strong> (Rezende et al., 2022).</p> <p><strong>2. DATA DESCRIPTION</strong></p> <p>The complete description of the data, including the climate forcing, LUC, the validation datasets, methodology, simulations, discussion and conclusion is in Rezende et al. (2022). This archive contains only the data description from the simulations (outputs) by the DGVMs.</p> <p><strong>2.1 SOFTWARE </strong></p> <p><br> The data were manipulated, worked, standardized, converted using the software: <strong>Climate Data Operators (cdo) version 1.7.0</strong>, <strong>Grid Analysis and Display System (Grads) (</strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407042441/http://www.iges.org/grads/gadoc/">Documentation of GrADS</a><strong>) version 2.0.2, and RStudio Desktop version</strong> 1.3.1093 <strong>(R Core Team, 2020)</strong>, through command lines and several scripts developed for this purpose. The figures were generated with <strong>Grads,</strong> and <strong>RStudio</strong>, and some images were enhanced with <strong>Gimp version 2.8.22</strong>. All the software used is freeware.</p> <p><strong> 2.2 PRIMARY DATA FROM SIMULATIONS</strong></p> <p>Data originating from the simulations are in monthly resolution, covering South America, with all the forcings. Despite data spanning over 1948-2010 or 1950-2010 our study focuses on the period 1981-2010.</p> <p><strong>Variables</strong>: Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) (kg m-2 month-1), evaporation (mm month-1) and transpiration (mm month-1), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) (kg m-2 month-1) (not used in our experiment).</p> <p>The naming of the files is according to the following rules:</p> <p><strong>DGVM_forcing_vegetation cover_CO2 concentration_attribute</strong></p> <p><strong>DGVMs</strong>;</p> <p> InLand (INLAND)</p> <p> LPJ-G (LPJ-GUESS)</p> <p> LPJmL (LPJmL4)</p> <p> ORCHI (ORCHIDEE)</p> <p>forcings: </p> <p> gld - GLDAS</p> <p> gsw – GSWP3</p> <p> wat – WATCH+WFDEI</p> <p> </p> <p>vegetation cover:</p> <p> LU – Land Use Change</p> <p> PNV – Potential Natural Vegetation</p> <p> </p> <p>CO2 concentration:</p> <p> CO2 – historical CO2</p> <p> noCO2 – constant CO2 = 278 ppm</p> <p> </p> <p>variables:</p> <p> E – evaporation</p> <p> Et – transpiration</p> <p> gpp – Gross Primary Productivity</p> <p> npp - Net Primary Productivity (not used in the experiment)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Example</strong>:</p> <p> inLand_gld_LU_noCO2_E.nc</p> <p> </p> <p><strong> 2.3 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA </strong></p> <p>These interception loss data (mm month-1) were requested by a reviewer to complement the analysis and are available only for the LUC CO2 scenario and for the study region: southern Amazon (70S and 140S of latitude and 660W and 510W of longitude).</p> <p>Files are named according to the following rules:</p> <p>variable_season_forcing_DGVM_vegetation cover CO2 concentration_region</p> <p>variable:</p> <p> inter – loss by interception</p> <p> </p> <p>season:</p> <p> D – dry season</p> <p> R – rainy season</p> <p> </p> <p>forcings: </p> <p> gl - GLDAS</p> <p> gs – GSWP3</p> <p> wa – WATCH+WFDEI</p> <p> </p> <p>DGVMs:</p> <p> in - INLAND </p> <p> lg - LPJ-GUESS</p> <p> lm - LPJmL4</p> <p> or – ORCHIDEE</p> <p> </p> <p>vegetation cover </p> <p> L – Land Use Change</p> <p> P – Potential Natural Vegetation</p> <p> </p> <p>CO2 concentration</p> <p> C – historical CO2</p> <p> N – constant CO2 = 278 ppm</p> <p> </p> <p>region</p> <p> SA – southern Amazon</p> <p> </p> <p>Example:</p> <p> inter_D_gl_in_LC_SA.nc</p> <p><strong>2.4 PROCESSED DATA</strong></p> <p>Processed data cover all scenarios and input data sets and are restricted to the study area: southern Amazon (70S and 140S of latitude and 660W and 510W of longitude).They are in seasonal resolution with averages for January-February-March-April (JFMA) (rainy season) and averages for June-July-August-September (JJAS). Each of the files contains the Gross Primary Productivity variables (GPP) (kg m-2 month-1), evaporation (mm month-1) and transpiration (mm month-1), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) (kg m-2 month-1) (not used in our experiment).</p> <p> </p> <p>Files are named according to the following rules:</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>season_DGVM_forcing_vegetation cover CO2 concentration_region</strong></p> <p>season</p> <p> D – dry season</p> <p> R – rainy season</p> <p> </p> <p>DGVMs:</p> <p> in - INLAND </p> <p> lg - LPJ-GUESS</p> <p> lm - LPJmL4</p> <p> or - ORCHIDEE</p> <p> </p> <p>forcings: </p> <p> Gl - GLDAS</p> <p> Gs – GSWP3</p> <p> Wa – WATCH+WFDEI </p> <p> </p> <p>vegetation cover </p> <p> L – Land Use Change</p> <p> P – Potential Natural Vegetation</p> <p> </p> <p>CO2 concentration</p> <p> C – historical CO2</p> <p> N – constant CO2 = 278 ppm</p> <p> </p> <p>Example:</p> <p>D_in_Gs_LN.nc</p> <p><strong>2.5 DERIVED DATA</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>The variable Water Use Efficiency (WUE) (kg m-2 mm-1 month-1) results from rate: GPP / Tr (transpiration) (Eq. 1). </p> <p> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> WUE = GPP / Tr</p> </td> <td> <p>(Eq. 1)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>These data refer to the study region: southern Amazon and apply to only one scenario: Land Use Change and historic CO2. Files are named naming of according to the following rules:</p> <p> </p> <p>Variable:</p> <p> WUE – Water Use Efficiency</p> <p> </p> <p>season</p> <p> D – dry season</p> <p> R – rainy season</p> <p> </p> <p>DGVMs:</p> <p> in - INLAND </p> <p> lg - LPJ-GUESS</p> <p> lm - LPJmL4</p> <p> or - ORCHIDEE</p> <p> </p> <p>forcings: </p> <p> Gl - GLDAS</p> <p> Gs – GSWP3</p> <p> Wa – WATCH+WFDEI </p> <p> </p> <p>vegetation cover </p> <p> L – Land Use Change</p> <p> P – Potential Natural Vegetation</p> <p> </p> <p>CO2 concentration</p> <p> C – historical CO2</p> <p> N – constant CO2 = 278 ppm</p> <p> </p> <p>region</p> <p> SA – southern Amazon</p> <p> </p> <p>Example:</p> <p>wue_D_lm_Gl_LC_SA.nc</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>How to cite this work</strong>:</p> <p>Rezende, Luiz F. C., Aline Castro, Celso Von Randow, Romina Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Phillip Papastefanou, Nicolas Viovy, Kirsten Thonicke, Anna Sörensson, Anja Rammig, Iracema F. A. Cavalcanti. Impacts of Land Use Change and atmospheric CO2 on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), evaporation and climate in Southern Amazon. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (JGRA) - doi: 10.1029/2021JD034608. 2022.</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407042441/http://www.iges.org/grads/gadoc/">Documentation of GrADS</a>. Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, Institute of Global Environment and Society,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University"> George Mason University</a>. Archived from<a href="http://www.iges.org/grads/gadoc/"> the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.</p> <p>Hickler T. et al., 2012. Projecting the future distribution of European potential natural vegetation zones with a generalized, tree species based dynamic vegetation model. Glob Ecol Biogeograp 21:50–63, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00613.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00613.x</a></p> <p>Krinner, G.et al., 2005. A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1015, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.</p> <p>R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. </p> <p>Prentice IC (2007) Dynamic global vegetation modeling: quantifying terrestrial ecosystem responses to large-scale environmental change. In: Canadell J, Pataki D, Pitelka L (eds) Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.</p> <p>Rezende, Luiz F. C. et al., 2015. Evolution and challenges of dynamic global vegetation models for some aspects of plant physiology and elevated atmospheric CO2. Int J Biometeorol., 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00484-015-1087-6.</p> <p>Rezende, Luiz F. C. et al., 2022. Impacts of Land Use Change and atmospheric CO2 on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), evaporation and climate in Southern Amazon. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres (JGRA) - doi: 10.1029/2021JD034608. 2022.</p> <p>Schaphoff, S. et al., 2018. LPJmL4 – a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land –Part 1: Model description. Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1343–1375, 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1343-2018">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1343-2018</a>.</p> <p>Smith B. et al (2001) Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space. Glob Ecol Biogeograp 10:621–637</p> <p>Tourigny, E. (2014). Multi-scale fire modeling in the neotropics: coupling a land surface model to a high resolution fire spread model, considering land cover heterogeneity. Phd dissertation, Meteorology. INPE. Retrieved from http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2014/05.30.00.36</p> <p><br> </p> <p> </p>
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.