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FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogenetics and diversity of the Himalayan shrew (Soriculus nigrescens Gray, 1842) (Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) in Southwest China
FIGURE 3: A: Plot showing JK values for different K values tested. The K with the highest JK value is most likely to represent the true number of clusters; B: The linear relationship between LnP(D) and the number of clusters. C: Bayesian clustering results at K = 3 from the structure analysis.
Figure 3. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction for MHC class II in Diversity of MHC class II DRB alleles in the Eurasian population of the least weasel, Mustela nivalis (Mustelidae: Mammalia)
Figure 3. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction for MHC class II DRB alleles from Mustela nivalis and other species in Mustelidae, Felidae, and Canidae. Numbers near nodes are posterior probability values. Sequences from M. nivalis obtained in this study are in bold. GenBank accession numbers of previously published nucleotide sequences are in parentheses. Clades in Mustelidae are indicated by capital letters (A–G) to the right of the tree. The scale bar at the bottom shows branch length in substitutions per site. Abbreviations for species names are as follows: Cafa, Canis familiaris; Cala, Canis latrans; Calu, Canis lupus; Enlu, Enhydra lutris; Febi, Felis silvestris bieti; Feca, Felis catus; Fesi, Felis silvestris; Gugu, Gulo gulo; Meme, Meles meles; Muit, Mustela itatsi; Mulu, Mustela lutreola; Musi, Mustela sibirica; Nevi, Neovison vison; Tata, Taxidea taxus; Zaca, Zalophus californianus.
Figure 4. Comparative phylogenetic relationship between the 11 in Well-known species, unexpected results: high genetic diversity in declining Vipera ursinii in central, eastern and southeastern Europe
Figure 4. Comparative phylogenetic relationship between the 11 regions with both mtDNA (left) and nDNA (right). left: Mitochondrial DNA tree based on the genetic distances of the different haplotypes (combining cytochrome b and ND4; 1920 bp) within each region. right: Nuclear tree based on Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards Dc distances (Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards, 1967) calculated with the software POPULATIONS 1.2.28 (Langella, 1999) based on 5 microsatellites markers. Dashed branches correspond to discrepancies between both phylogenetic reconstructions. Both trees were not rooted. The colours are different between subspecies: green: V. ursinii rakosiensis, yellow: V. u. moldavica, blue: V. u. macrops, grey: V. u. macrops from Bistra Mt., red: V. renardi.
Discordant spatio-temporal dynamics of functional and phylogenetic diversity of rotiferan communities exposed to aquaculture effluent
<p>The growth of the human population brought about the global intensification of aquacultural production, and aquaculture became the fastest growing animal husbandry sector. Effluent from aquaculture is an anthropogenic environmental burden, containing organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids that affect water quality, especially in water bodies of high biodiversity and conservation value. Water quality assessment often relies on bioindicators, analysing changes in taxonomic diversity of various freshwater organismal groups. Stepping beyond taxon diversity, we used functional and phylogenetic diversities of rotifers to identify factors affecting their community organization in response to an aquaculture effluent gradient in the largest oxbow lake in the Carpathian Basin, Hungary. Sampling was carried out three times per season at five points along a 3.5 km section of the oxbow lake, including the point of effluent inflow. We used eight traits to evaluate functional diversity: body size, trophi type, feeding mode, protection type, body wall type, corona type, habitat preference, and tolerance level. Functional and phylogenetic distances among the 24 species identified indicated trait conservatism. Rotiferan diversity increased with increasing distance from the point of influx in spring and summer. Among the factors affecting community organization in spring and summer, we find examples of environmental filtering, while in autumn the role of biotic interaction is more frequent. Under nutrient-rich conditions in spring and summer, organisms belonging to the same functional group were dominant, while under oligotrophic conditions more diverse but less abundant groups were present. Considering functional and phylogenetic traits allowed us to identify organising forces of rotifer communities in the largest oxbow lake of the Hungarian Lowland.</p>
FIGURE 12 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 12. Some morphological features of Niphargus borutzkyi Birštein, 1933 (a, b), Niphargus amirani Marin, 2020 (c–f), non-type specimens, ♀♀, LEMMI: a, c, d—urosomal segments; b, e—head; f—hooks in retinacules of pleopod.
FIGURE 10 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 10. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov. (a, b) and Niphargus tvishiensis sp. nov. (c–f), non-type specimens, ♀♀, LEMMI: a, c, d—urosomal segments, lateral view; b, e—head; f—mandibular palp.
FIGURE 11 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 11. Retinacules of pleopods of Niphargus borutzkyi Birštein, 1933 (a, b), Niphargus amirani Marin, 2020 (c, d), Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov. (e) and Niphargus tvishiensis sp. nov. (f), non-type specimens, ♀♀, LEMMI.
FIGURE 8 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 8. Niphargus tvishiensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1247, Verdzistava I Cave: a—pereopod III; b—dactylus of PIII; c—pereopod IV; d—dactylus of PIV; e—pereopod V; f—dactylus of PV; g—pereopod VI; h—dactylus of PVI; i—pereopod VII; j—dactylus of PVII.
FIGURE 9 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 9. Niphargus tvishiensis sp. nov., Verdzistava I Cave, holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1247 (a–d, h, j–l) and ♀, LEMMI (e, i): a–c—epimeral plates I–III; d, e—telson; f—pleopod I; g—retinacula of pleopod I; h, i—uropod I; j, k—uropod II; l, m—uropod III.
FIGURE 7 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 7. Niphargus tvishiensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1247, Verdzistava I Cave: a—labrum (upper lip); b—labium (lower lip); c, e—mandible; d, f—incisor incisive processes of mandible; g—maxilla I; h—same, distal margin of outer lobe; i—maxilla II; j—maxilliped.
FIGURE 6 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 6. Niphargus tvishensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1247, Verdzistava I Cave: a—antenna I; b—accessory flagellum of antenna I; c—antenna II; d—gnathopod I; e—distoventral corner of propodus (chela) of gnathopod I; f—gnathopod II; g—distoventral corner of propodus (chela) of gnathopod II.
FIGURE 3 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 3. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1245, Sakishore Cave: a—labrum (upper lip); b—labium (lower lip); c, e—mandible; d, f—incisor and incisive processes of mandible; g—maxilla I; h—same, distal margin of outer lobe; i—maxilla II; j—maxilliped.
FIGURE 2 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 2. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1245, Sakishore Cave: a—antenna I; b—accessory flagellum of antenna I; c—antenna II; d—gnathopod I; e—distoventral corner of propodus (chela) of gnathopod I; f—gnathopod II; g—distoventral corner of propodus (chela) of gnathopod II.
FIGURE 5 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 5. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov., Sakishore Cave, holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1245 (a–d, h, j–l) and paratype, ♀, ZMMU Mb-1246 (e, i): a–c—epimeral plates I–III; d, e—telson; f—pleopod I; g—retinacula of pleopod I; h, i—uropod I; j, k—uropod II; l, m—uropod III.
FIGURE 1 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 1. The map of collection sites and the time-calibrated phylogenetic tree (reconstruction) of phylogenetic relationships of the newly discovered species of the genus Niphargus from the Western Georgia, Caucasus. Bootstrap support (upper) and posterior probabilities (below) of the nodes are reported. Blue horizontal bars show the 95% HPD (highest posterior density) of node ages on an arbitrary time scale. Figure of the Niphargus amirani Marin, 2020 is taken from Marin (2020).
FIGURE 4 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 4. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1245, Sakishore Cave: a—pereopod III; b— dactylus of PIII; c—pereopod IV; d—dactylus of pereopod V; e—pereopod V; f—dactylus of pereopod V; g—pereopod VI; h—dactylus of pereopod I; i—pereopod VII; j—dactylus of pereopod II.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among 32 in Jumping continents and major host lineages: phylogeny and diversity of the enigmatic Cryptotropidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among 32 taxa of the Microphalloidea resulting from Bayesian analysis of partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal DNA gene. Posterior probabilities> 80% are shown above internodes. Species sequenced in the present paper are in bold. Branch length scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations of digenean families: Col, Collyriclidae; Cry, Cryptotropidae; Lec, Lecithodendriidae; Mic, Microphallidae; Pha, Phaneropsolidae; Ple, Pleurogenidae; Pro, Prosthogonimidae; Sto, Stomylotrematidae. Abbreviations for geographical regions: IM, Indo‐Malayan realm; NT, Neotropical realm.
Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America
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The effects of tropical secondary forest regeneration on avian phylogenetic diversity.
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Data from: Species richness and patterns of overdispersion, clustering and randomness shape phylogenetic and functional diversity-area relationships in habitat islands
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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