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1,637 results for “residency”
Physical processes determine spatial structure in water temperature and residence time on a wide reef flat
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Data from: Habitat loss and thermal tolerances influence the sensitivity of resident bird populations to winter weather at regional scales
<p>1. Climate change and habitat loss pose the greatest contemporary threats to biodiversity, but their impacts on populations largely vary across species. These differential responses could be caused by complex interactions between landscape and climate change and species-specific sensitivities.</p> <p>2. Understanding the factors that determine which species are most vulnerable to the synergistic effects of climate change and habitat loss is a high conservation priority. Here, we ask (a) whether and to what extent land cover moderates the impacts of winter weather on population dynamics of wintering birds, and (b) what role species' physiology might play in modifying their responses to changing weather conditions.</p> <p>3. To address these questions, we used thousands of observations collected by citizen scientists participating in Project FeederWatch to build dynamic occupancy models for 14 species of wintering birds.</p> <p>4. Populations of wintering birds were more dynamic, having higher rates of local extinction and colonization, in more forested landscapes during extreme cold – presumably enabling them to better track resources. However, urban areas appeared to provide refuge for some species, as demonstrated by increased local colonization during the harshest winter weather. Lastly, we found that species-specific differences in thermal tolerances strongly influenced occupancy dynamics such that species that are less cold-tolerant were more likely to go locally extinct at colder sites and during colder periods throughout winter.</p> <p>5. Together, our results suggest species that are less cold-tolerant and populations occupying less forested landscapes are most vulnerable to extreme winter weather. 11-Jun-2020</p>
Textile fibre found at sámi residence from the 18th century. Imaged through optical microscope.
<p>Micrograph of the textile fibre connected to the chain of one of the the metal objects. Lead and tin corrosion can be seen on the fibre.</p>
What drives residents' intentions to adopt e-commerce in rural regions of western China? A case study in Chongqing municipality
<p>Research data</p>
Habitat use by juvenile salmon, other migratory fish, and resident fish species underscores the importance of estuarine habitat mosaics
<p>Interfacing with land and sea, estuaries support a mosaic of habitats that underpin the production of many coastal fisheries. These ecosystems are threatened by multiple stressors, including habitat loss and climate change, but the relative importance of estuarine habitat types for different fish species remains poorly understood since direct habitat comparisons are rare. This knowledge gap is exemplified in temperate estuaries by salmon—ecologically and commercially important species that use estuaries during their migrations to and from the ocean. Here, we tested for species-specific habitat use by sampling fishes in 3 interconnected estuarine habitats (brackish marsh, eelgrass, and sand flat), across seasons and temperature regimes. We quantified fish species richness, community distinctness, and catches (of Chinook and chum salmon, other migratory fishes, and resident fishes) in the Pacific Northwest’s heavily urbanized Fraser River estuary, the terminus of what was once the world’s most productive salmon basin. Overall, eelgrass habitat supported the greatest fish species richness (n = 37) and catches (37402 fish), exceeding that of both the marsh (19 species, 7154 fish) and sand flat (22 species, 6697 fish). However, the majority of salmon were caught in the marsh (61%). These differences, coupled with our finding that at least one unique fish species inhabited each habitat (eelgrass = 15, marsh = 8, sand flat = 1), demonstrate species-specific habitat use and underscore the importance of connected seascapes for biodiversity conservation.</p>
Trait-similarity and trait-hierarchy jointly determine fine-scale spatial associations of resident and invasive ant species
<p>Interspecific competition, a dominant process structuring ecological communities, is influenced by species' phenotypic differences. Limiting similarity theory holds that species with similar traits should compete intensely ("trait-similarity"). In contrast, competing theories including modern coexistence theory emphasize that species with traits conferring competitive advantages should outcompete others ("trait-hierarchy"). Either or both of these mechanisms may drive competitive exclusion, but their relative importance and interacting effects are rarely studied. Here, we explore empirically whether trait-similarity and trait-hierarchy can explain fine-scale spatial associations observed between invasive and native ant species in a tropical assemblage. We find that pairwise co-occurrences between the invasive red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta and 28 other species across relatively homogenous grasslands can be explained largely by an interaction of trait-similarity and trait-hierarchy in a single morphological trait, relative pronotum width. Specifically, higher trait-hierarchy values are associated with negative co-occurrences; however, these effects are counteracted when species are increasingly dissimilar in their trait ranges. These findings are consistent with the notion that limiting similarity and competitive hierarchies are interactive rather than discrete mechanisms driving competitive exclusion.</p>
Data from: Introduced garden plants are strong competitors of native and alien residents under simulated climate change
1) Most invasive plants have been originally introduced for horticultural purposes. Still, most alien garden plants have not naturalized yet, probably due in part to inadequate climatic conditions. Climate change may alter this, but few experimental studies have addressed this for non-naturalized alien garden plants, and those that have, addressed only singular aspects of climate change. 2) In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the performance of nine non-naturalized alien herbaceous garden plants of varying climatic origins in response to simulated climate warming and reduced water availability, in a factorial design, as projected for southern Germany. To assess their invasion potential, we grew the species in competition with resident native and already-naturalized alien species. 3) Reduced watering negatively affected non-naturalized garden plants, as well as the native and naturalized competitors, particularly at higher temperatures. However, non-naturalized aliens performed better relative to competitors when temperatures increased. Naturalized and native resident competitor responses to climate change were both negative, but across climate treatments, non-naturalized aliens, irrespective of their climatic origins, performed better against native than against naturalized competitors. 4) Synthesis. We conclude that relative performance compared to resident species may increase for non-naturalized alien garden plants under climate change, as resident species become less competitive. Ongoing climate change is therefore likely to promote naturalization of commonly-planted alien herbaceous species.
Data from: Here's to the losers: evolvable residents accelerate the evolution of high fitness invaders
Recent work has shown that evolvability plays a key role in determining the long-term population dynamics of asexual clones. However, simple considerations suggest that the evolvability of a focal lineage of bacteria should also be influenced by the evolvability of its competitors. First, evolvable competitors should accelerate evolution by impeding the fixation of the focal lineage through a clonal interference–like mechanism. Second, evolvable competitors should increase the strength of selection by rapidly degrading the environment, increasing selection for adaptive mutations. Here we tested these ideas by allowing a high-fitness clone of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa to invade populations of two low-fitness resident clones that differ in their evolvability. Both competition from mutations in the resident lineage and environmental degradation lead to faster adaptation in the invader through fixing single mutations with a greater fitness advantage. The results suggest that competition from mutations in both the successful invader and the unsuccessful resident shapes the adaptive trajectory of the invader through both direct competition and indirect environmental effects. Therefore, to predict evolutionary outcomes, it will be necessary to consider the evolvability of all members of the community and the effects of adaptation on the quality of the environment. This is particularly relevant to mixed microbial communities where lineages differ in their adaptive potential, a common feature of chronic infections.
Data from: Resident-invader phylogenetic relatedness, not resident phylogenetic diversity, controls community invasibility
A central goal of invasion biology is to elucidate mechanisms regulating community invasibility. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis, one of the oldest hypotheses in invasion biology, emphasizes the importance of phylogenetic relatedness (PR) between resident and invader species for predicting invasibility. Alternatively, a recent extension of the diversity-invasibility hypothesis predicts that phylogenetic diversity (PD) of resident communities influences invasibility. Neither of these hypotheses has undergone rigorous experimental testing, and the relative contributions of PR and PD, whose effects tend to be confounded with each other, to community invasibility are unknown. Here we consider both perspectives together by independently manipulating PR and PD in laboratory bacterial assemblages. We found that while invader abundance declined significantly as PR increased, it was unaffected by PD. Likewise, we found that resident-invader functional similarity, not functional diversity of resident communities, was a significant predictor of invader abundance. Nevertheless, invader abundance was better predicted by PR than functional similarity. These results highlight the importance of considering species evolutionary relationships, especially the phylogenetic relatedness between resident and invader species, for the prediction, prevention and management of biological invasions.
Data from: Resident species with larger size metrics do not recruit more offspring from the seed bank in old-field meadow vegetation
1. According to the traditional 'Size Advantage' (SA) hypothesis, plant species with larger body size are expected to be more successful when competition is intense, i.e. within severely crowded vegetation. Recent studies in old-field habitats, however, have shown that those species with greater numerical abundance as resident plants generally have a relatively small minimum reproductive threshold size (MIN), not a relatively large maximum potential body size (MAX). 2. In this study, we test for a size advantage in terms of species abundance representation in the soil seed bank, and we extend the SA hypothesis to include two additional size metrics: leaf size and seed size. Specifically, we ask, for resident species within a crowded old-field meadow: is larger seed size, leaf size, and/or body size associated with greater reproductive / recruitment success (i.e. number of germinable seeds within — and establishing plants emerging from — the soil seed bank)? We collected soil cores for a greenhouse experiment to record relative species abundances of germinable seeds in the seed bank, and we used a field experiment to record local abundances of species emerging from the resident seed bank within denuded plant neighbourhoods over three subsequent field seasons. 3. We found no general support for the SA hypothesis involving any of the size metrics, and none of the latter was a strong predictor of the number of germinable seeds emerging from soil cores in the greenhouse experiment. However, for species establishing in the field experiment from the seed bank over the three-year survey period, more abundant species in years 2 and 3 tended to be those with smaller MIN, and thus smaller MAX. In addition, within more crowded neighbourhoods, representation of reproductive plants was generally greater for species with relatively small MIN (and hence small MAX). 4. Synthesis. Our results extend support for the 'Reproductive Economy Advantage' hypothesis in old field habitats, to include not just established, largely undisturbed vegetation, but also very early stages of recruitment from seed within locally crowded plant neighbourhoods. Specifically, more successful species here are not those with relatively large potential body size (MAX); they are species capable of producing at least some offspring despite severe body size suppression, because they have a relatively small MIN.
Data from: Diet of the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus nathusii during autumn migration and summer residence
Migration is widespread among vertebrates. Yet bat migration has received little attention and only in the recent decades knowledge of it has been gained. Migration can cause significant changes in behaviour and physiology, due to increasing energy demands and aerodynamic constraints. Dietary shifts, for examples, have been shown to occur in birds before onset of migration. For bats it is not known if a change in diet occurs during migration, although especially breeding season related dietary preference has been documented. It is known that fat-rich diets, and subsequent accumulation of high fat deposits, do increase the flight range of migratory bats. Some bat species can be regarded as long-distance migrants, covering up to 2,000 km on their way between summer and winter roosting areas. Pipistrellus nathusii (Vespertilionidae), a European long-distant migrant, travels each year along the Baltic Sea from north-eastern Europe to hibernate in central and southern Europe. This study presents data on the dietary habits of migrating Pipistrellus nathusii compared with dietary habits during the breeding season. We analysed faecal samples from bats on fall migration caught at the Ornithological Field Station in Pape, Latvia and from samples collected in North-Latvian summer roosts. We applied both morphological identification and molecular methods, as morphological methods also recognize life stages of prey and can contribute frequency data. The diets of bats on migration and breeding bats were similar, with Diptera and Lepidoptera comprising the major prey categories. However certain prey groups could be explained by the different hunting habitats used during migration vs. summer residence.
Supplementary material 1 from: Gruntman M, Segev U (2024) Effect of residence time on trait evolution in invasive plants: review and meta-analysis. NeoBiota 91: 99-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.91.109251
Supplementary information
Genetic divergence and diversity reflect a predominant freshwater resident life history in Rainbow Trout from southwestern Alaska
<p>Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> in southwestern Alaska occupy coastal watersheds near the northern boundary of the species native range and support a world class wild trout sport fishery. Although low freshwater temperatures and a short growing season in this region may favor anadromy, these populations appear to exhibit a freshwater resident life history strategy. In this study we used genetic data to evaluate two hypotheses regarding the influence of the presumed migratory behavior of these Rainbow Trout on reproductive isolation among and within watersheds. The results were largely consistent with the predictions but there were exceptions. The data supported the hypothesis that the freshwater resident behavior precludes marine-mediated gene flow resulting in large genetic divergence and low admixture among watersheds. The estimate of <i>F<sub>CT</sub></i> (among-watershed differentiation, 0.350) was large and reflected over 96% of the variation among all sampled aggregations (<i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> = 0.363). However, evidence of admixed individuals in two adjacent watersheds and five first generation migrants among five watersheds suggests that the potential for coastal migration with gene flow exists in these populations. The data also supported the hypothesis that aggregations formed within watersheds during the spawning period (May-June) represent reproductively isolated populations. The pairwise estimates of <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> and the <i>G</i>-test results revealed population structure in four of the six watersheds tested. However, not all aggregation pairs were found genetically distinct and there was notable variation in the pairwise <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> estimates (0.000 – 0.067). In summary, the data reflected the predicted results for each hypothesis, but also revealed exceptions that, consistent with tagging studies, demonstrate the complexity of migratory behavior in southwestern Alaska Rainbow Trout. We discuss the implications of these results for fishery management and conservation.</p>
Elevation alters outcome of competition between resident and range-shifting species
<p>Species' geographic range shifts towards higher latitudes and elevations are among the most frequently reported consequences of climate change. However, the role of species interactions in setting range margins remains poorly understood. We used cage experiments in ponds to test competing hypotheses about the role of abiotic and biotic mechanisms for structuring range boundaries of an up-slope range-shifting caddisfly <i>Limnephilus picturatus. </i>We found that competition with a ubiquitous species <i>Limnephilus externus</i> significantly decreased <i>L. picturatus</i> survival and emergence at subalpine elevations supporting the notion that species interactions play a critical role in determining up-slope range limits. However, without competitors, <i>L. picturatus</i> survival was greater at high-elevation than low-elevation sites. This was contrary to decreases in body mass (a proxy for fecundity) with elevation regardless of the presence of competitors. We ultimately show that species interactions can be important for setting up-slope range margins. Yet our results also highlight the complications in defining what may be abiotically stressful for this species and the importance of considering multiple demographic variables. Understanding how species ranges will respond in a changing climate will require quantifying species interactions and how they are influenced by the abiotic context in which they play out.</p>
Research Education: Neurology Resident EEG Education: A Survey of US Neurology Residency Program Directors
<p><b>Objective</b>: To better understand the EEG education provided to adult neurology residents by surveying program directors (PDs) of adult neurology residency programs in the US.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: An online survey focused on characteristics of neurology residency programs and their EEG teaching systems was distributed to the 161 adult neurology residency PDs listed in the ACGME website at the time of the study.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Forty-seven (29%) out of the 161 PDs completed the survey – most of the participating programs (89%) were academic. The mean number of 1-month EEG rotation(s) required to graduate was 1.7 (range 0-4, median 1.75). EEG rotations involved the inpatient and outpatient setting in 91% and 70% of programs, respectively. The average number of EEGs read during a typical EEG rotation varied from more than 40, in about one-third of programs, to 0-10, in about 14% of programs. There was significant variability in the requirements for successful completion of EEG rotations, and most PDs (64%) reported not utilizing objective measures to assess EEG milestones. The most commonly used educational methods were didactics throughout the year (95%) and EEG teaching during EEG rotations (93%). The most commonly reported barriers to EEG education were insufficient EEG exposure (32%) and ineffective didactics (11%); possible solutions are summarized in table 1.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b>: Our study identified a lack of consistency in teaching and evaluating residents during residency and presented EEG education barriers alongside possible solutions. We encourage PDs across the country to re-evaluate their EEG teaching systems in order to optimize EEG education. </p>
England and Wales Counts of Residents with Long-term Health Problems of Disabilities (Lower Layer Super Output Areas)
<p>Counts of residents with long-term health problems or disabilities in each lower layer super output area (LSOA) in England and Wales.</p> <p>Original source: Nomis LC3101EWLS Long term health problem or disability by sex by age (<a href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/lc3101ewls">https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/lc3101ewls</a>)</p> <p>Distributed under Open Government License v3.0: <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description from Nomis (source)</strong></p> <p>Long term health problem or disability by sex by age</p> <p>This dataset provides 2011 Census estimates that classify usual residents in households in England and Wales by long-term health problem or disability, by sex and by age. The estimates are as at census day, 27 March 2011.</p> <p>Statistical Disclosure Control</p> <p>In order to protect against disclosure of personal information from the 2011 Census, there has been swapping of records in the Census database between different geographic areas, and so some counts will be affected. In the main, the greatest effects will be at the lowest geographies, since the record swapping is targeted towards those households with unusual characteristics in small areas.<br> <br> More details on the ONS Census disclosure control strategy may be found on the <a href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-prospectus/new-developments-for-2011-census-results/statistical-disclosure-control/index.html">Statistical Disclosure Control</a> page on the ONS web site.</p> <p>Table ID</p> <p>LC3101EWLS</p> <p>Source</p> <p><a href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011">Census 2011</a></p> <p>Website</p> <p><a href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/census">http://www.ons.gov.uk/census</a></p>
resident-intruder assay
SciDraw upload
Supplementary material 1 from: Pirzio-Biroli A, Crowley SL, Siriwardena GM, Plummer KE, Schroeder J, White RL (2024) Not in the countryside please! Investigating UK residents' perceptions of an introduced species, the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri). NeoBiota 93: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.93.110122
Supplementary sections
Data from: Genotypic covariance between the performance of a resident species and community assembly in the field
1.Genetic variation in resident species can influence the assembly and dynamics of communities, but the potential for these genetic effects to persist across generations is largely unresolved. In principle, persistent, directional changes in communities are only predicted when community properties covary genetically with the fitness of resident species. 2.Estimates of genetic covariance between the fitness of a resident species and its community are therefore necessary to 'close the eco-evolutionary loop' in studies of community genetics, but such estimates are rare. Emulating community genetics experiments in plants, we used clonal replicates of 21 genotypes of a resident species (the encrusting bryozoan, Hippopodina) to investigate the magnitude of genotypic variance contributing to assembly of a marine benthic community. 3.Genotypes explained up to 35% of variation in community assembly. Critically, the performance of Hippopodina genotypes covaried both with the evenness of communities, and with the abundances of some individual species, representing an indirect genetic effect that creates the potential for multigenerational interactions between Hippopodina and co-existing species. Our results suggest that different genotypes will associate with different community members consistently across generations, and such non-random associations can give rise to specialization. Further interactions between species other than Hippopodina itself may also be altered by effects of genetic variation in the focal species. 4.Furthermore, species in the community other than Hippopodina itself will interact more commonly in the presence of some genotypes over others. 5.Our results support the potential for genetic variation in one species to have deterministic effects on the dynamics of ecological communities.
Using nominal group technique among resident physicians to identify key attributes of a burnout prevention program
<p>Purpose:<b> </b>To identify preferred burnout interventions within a resident physician population, utilizing the Nominal Group Technique. The results will be used to design a discrete choice experiment study to inform the development of resident burnout prevention programs.</p> <p>Methods:<b> </b>Three resident focus groups met (10-14 participants/group) to prioritize a list of 23 factors for burnout prevention programs. The Nominal Group Technique consisted of three steps: an individual, confidential ranking of the 23 factors by importance from 1 to 23, a group discussion of each attribute, including a group review of the rankings, and an opportunity to alter the original ranking across participants.</p> <p>Results:<b> </b>The total number of residents (36) were a representative sample of specialty, year of residency, and sex. There was strong agreement about the most highly rated attributes which grouped naturally into themes of autonomy, meaning, competency and relatedness. There was also disagreement on several of the attributes that is likely due to the differences in residency specialty and subsequently rotation requirements.</p> <p>Conclusion:<b> </b>This study identified the need to address multiple organizational factors that may lead to physician burnout. There is a clear need for complex interventions that target systemic and program level factors rather than focus on individual interventions. These results may help residency program directors understand the specific attributes of a burnout prevention program valued by residents. Aligning burnout interventions with resident preferences could improve the efficacy of burnout prevention programs by improving adoption of, and satisfaction with, these programs.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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