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Fig. 1 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 1. Adult Berthelinia singaporensis, spawning and complete egg masses. A, specimen on Caulerpa racemosa; B, specimen crawling on petri-dish; C, D, specimen spawning. Notice head moving from side to side and opaque content of egg capsules during spawning (circled in D). E, complete egg mass on Caulerpa lentillifera; F, another egg mass with more developed embryos. Blue arrows indicate eggs moving inside oviduct through mucus gland; red arrowheads indicate eggs exiting female gonopore and being transported along spawn groove to mouth area.

Fig. 8 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 8. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right side and dorsal view of late metamorphosis stage; right valve soft and smaller, hinge line complete; C–D, left and right view of early juvenile; right and left valves same size; E, larger juvenile on Caulerpa; F, larger juvenile with adult shell shape (taller anteriorly) and some brown pigment spots.

Fig. 11 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of early juvenile Berthelinia singaporensis. A, right side view showing right valve smaller than left one; B, close-up of hinge line of same showing growth lines continuous across hinge line and right valve flatter than left one; C, left valve of older juvenile showing gap between protoconch aperture and juvenile shell; D, close-up of thickened hinge of same.

Fig. 2 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 2. Early development of Berthelinia singaporensis embryos. A, uncleaved eggs; B, 2-cell stage; C, 2–4-cell stages (1 h); D, 4-cell stage (1 h 20 min); E, 8-cell stage (3 h); F, multi-cell stage (6 h); G, blastula (22 h); H, early gastrula (23 h). Times in parentheses are after first cell division. In E and F, the spiral cleavage pattern is distinct.

Fig. 4 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 4. Hatched larvae of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, veliger larva shortly after hatching; large velar lobes with long cilia; B, newly hatched larva; long cilia on propodial margins as well as on velum; C, crawling veliger larva on Caulerpa (probably C. taxifolia); D, crawling larva from behind, with circular operculum (arrowhead).

Fig. 7 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 7. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right and left side views of transitional stage with soft, flexible shell flared; C, dorsal view with fold and downwards bent right side of shell; D, right side view with tilted protoconch.

Fig. 10 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of shell of Berthelinia singaporensis in metamorphosis stage. A, left side of visor-like shell and anterior flared fold; B, ventral view of visor with dried part of mantle fold in aperture; C, close-up of same showing fracture line (arrowhead) where hinge line will form; D, higher magnification of same. In A–C the narrow gap between larval shell (= protoconch) and juvenile shell is visible.

Fig. 6 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 6. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A, initial growth of visor-shaped shell (arrowhead); B–C, pedi-veligers on Caulerpa with increasing visor; in C veliger shell is tilted; D, first appearance of fold in visor (arrow) looking like notch.

Fig. 9 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 9. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis (continued). A, two specimens on Caulerpa; smaller white one with many brown pigment spots, larger specimen completely green with some brown spots; B, close-up of protoconch area of larger specimen showing green contents of digestive gland extending into protoconch.

Fig. 7 in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 7. Arcotheres placunae (Hornell & Southwell, 1909), overall habitus. A, neotype ovigerous female (11.0 × 8.1 mm) (ZRC 2017.1293), India; B, ovigerous female (9.2 × 6.9 mm) (ZRC 2017.1008), Pakistan; C, ovigerous female (11.5 × 7.9 mm) (ZRC 2017.1008), Pakistan; D, male (7.0 × 5.8 mm), (ZRC 2017.1065), India.

Fig. 6. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 6. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp. Colour in life. A, B, paratype ovigerous female (8.0 × 6.1 mm); C, paratype non-ovigerous female with rhizocephalan (9.0 × 7.4 mm); D, paratype male with rhizocephalan (5.6 × 5.1 mm); E, F, paratype ovigerous female (7.3 × 5.9 mm) (crab indicated by arrow); G, H = paratype ovigerous female (9.5 × 7.2 mm). E, in situ on Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae). All material from ZRC 2017.1015, Changi, Singapore.

Fig. 5. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 5. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp. Colour in life. A–D, G, paratype specimens from ZRC 2017.1010, Changi, Singapore; E, paratype female (8.8 × 6.9 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010), Changi, Singapore; F, paratype male (4.7 × 4.1 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010), Changi, Singapore. A, G, in situ on Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae).

Fig. 8 in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 8. Arcotheres placunae (Hornell & Southwell, 1909), ovigerous female (11.5 × 7.9 mm) (ZRC 2017.1008), Pakistan. A–D, left P2–P5, respectively; E–H, right P2–P5, respectively; D', distal part of dactylus of left P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (dorsal view, setae not drawn); H', distal part of dactylus of left P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (ventral view, setae not drawn); H" = distal part of dactylus of right P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (dorsal view, setae not drawn); I, outer view of right MXP3; J, right chela and carpus. Scales: A–H, J = 1.0 mm; D', H', H", I = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 4. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp. A, B, D–P, paratype male (5.6 × 4.7 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010); C, Q, paratype young male (2.4 × 2.4 mm) (ZRC 2017.1014). Both specimens from Changi, Singapore. A, right chela and carpus (setae not drawn); B, C, male pleon; D, right MXP3 (setae not drawn); E–H, right P2–P5, respectively; I–L, left P2–P5, respectively (setae not drawn); L', distal part of P5 dactylus (dorsal view, soft setae not drawn); M, left G1 (ventral view, setae not drawn); N, left G1 (dorsal view, setae not drawn); O, left G2 (setae not drawn); P, right G2 (mesial view showing exopod, setae not drawn). Scales: A, B, E–L = 1.0 mm; M–P = 0.5 mm; C, L', Q = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 2. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 2. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp. A, paratype ovigerous female (10.4 × 8.3 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010); B, paratype male (5.6 × 4.7 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010); C, paratype young male (2.4 × 2.4 mm) (ZRC 2017.1014); D, paratype male (4.7 × 4.1 mm) (ZRC 2017.1010). A–C, overall habitus; D, male anterior thoracic sternum. All specimens from Changi, Singapore.

Fig. 1. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 1. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (11.2 × 8.6 mm) (ZRC 2017.1009), Changi, Singapore. A, overall habitus; B, ventral view of cephalothorax; C, frontal view of cephalothorax; D, outer view of left chela.

Fig. 3. Arcotheres placunicola n in Arcotheres placunicola, a new species of pea crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from the window-pane shell, Placuna ephippium Philipsson, 1788 (Placunidae) in Singapore

Fig. 3. Arcotheres placunicola n. sp. A, L, paratype ovigerous female (10.1 × 8.0 mm) (ZRC 2017.1012), Changi, Singapore; B–K, holotype ovigerous female (11.2 × 8.6 mm) (ZRC 2017.1009), Changi, Singapore. A–D, left P2–P5, respectively; E–H, right P2–P5, respectively; D', distal part of dactylus of left P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (dorsal view, soft setae not drawn); H', distal part of dactylus of right P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (ventral view, soft setae not drawn); H", distal part of dactylus of left P5 showing stiff subdistal spinules (dorsal view, soft setae not drawn); I, fingers of right chela (setae denuded); J, left chela and carpus; K, L, outer view of right MXP3. Scales: A–H, J = 1.0 mm; D', H', H", I, K, L = 0.5 mm.

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Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 4. Stratigraphic correlation of the five major fossil-bearing localities in the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – loesses and soils, 2 – unlaminated loams, 3 – laminated loams, 4 – clays, 5 – sands, 6 – gravels, 7 – carbonate concretions, 8 – mollusk shells, 9 – small mammal remains, 10 – insect remains, 11 – plant macroremains.

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Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains.