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1,032 results for “vertical”
Generation of Propulsive Force via Vertical Undulations in Snakes
<p>Lateral undulation is the most widespread mode of terrestrial vertebrate limbless locomotion, in which posteriorly propagating horizontal waves press against environmental asperities (e.g. grass, rocks) and generate propulsive reaction forces. We hypothesized that snakes can generate propulsion using a similar mechanism of posteriorly propagating vertical waves pressing against suitably oriented environmental asperities. Using an array of horizontally oriented cylinders, one of which was equipped with force sensors, and a motion capture system, we found snakes generated substantial propulsive force and propulsive impulse with minimal contribution from lateral undulation. Additional tests showed that snakes could propel themselves via vertical undulations from a single suitable contact point, and this mechanism was replicated in a robotic model. Vertical undulations can provide snakes a valuable locomotor tool for taking advantage of vertical asperities in a variety of habitats, potentially in combination with lateral undulation, to fully exploit the 3D structure of the habitat.</p>
Vertical niche and elevation range size in tropical ants: implications for climate resilience
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We propose that forest trees create a vertical dimension for ecological niche variation that generates different regimes of climatic exposure, which in turn drives species elevation distributions. We test this hypothesis by statistically modelling the vertical and elevation distributions and microclimate exposure of rainforest ants. </p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Wet Tropics Bioregion, Australia</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted 60 ground-to-canopy surveys to determine the vertical (tree) and elevation distributions, and microclimate exposure of ants (101 species) at 15 sites along four mountain ranges. We statistically modelled elevation range size as a function of ant species' vertical niche breadth and exposure to temperature variance for 55 species found at two or more trees. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found a positive association between vertical niche and elevation range of ant species: for every 3 m increase in vertical niche breadth our models predict a ~150% increase in mean elevation range size. Temperature variance increased with vertical height along the arboreal gradient and ant species exposure to temperature variance explained some of the variation in elevation range size.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: We demonstrate that arboreal ants have broader elevation ranges than ground-dwelling ants and are likely to have increased resilience to climatic variance. The capacity of species to expand their niche by climbing trees could influence their ability to persist over broader elevation ranges. We propose that wherever vertical layering exists - from oceans to forest ecosystems - vertical niche breadth is a potential mechanism driving macrogeographic distribution patterns and resilience to climate change.</p>
A combination of morphological and photosynthetic functional traits maintains the vertical distribution of bryophytes in a subtropical cloud forest
<p><span>The distribution and performance of bryophyte species are known to vary with vertical gradients, due to changes in environmental factors, especially light conditions. However, the morphological and physiological drivers of bryophyte distribution along forest vertical gradients are poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span><span><b>Methods</b><b>:</b> We conducted a comparative analysis of 28 morphological and photosynthetic functional traits in 18 species of mosses and liverworts distributed among three vertical microhabitats (ground, tree trunk, and branch) to analyze trait variance among the microhabitats and bryophyte life–forms in a subtropical cloud forest in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, southwest China. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize trait differences among bryophyte species.</span></span></p> <p><span><b>Key Results: </b></span><span>In contrast to trunk and ground dwellers, branch dwellers tend to reduce light interception (smaller leaf and cell sizes, lower chlorophyll content); protect against damage from intense irradiation (higher ratios of carotenoids to chlorophyll); raise light energy utilization (higher photosynthetic capacity) and cope with lower environmental moisture conditions (pendant life-forms, thicker cell wall). Principal component analysis showed that ecological strategies of bryophytes in response to levels of irradiation were specialized in branch–dwellers, although those in ground and trunk–dwelling species were less distinct.</span></p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Environmental filtering shaped the functional traits combination and spatial distribution of bryophytes along the vertical gradients. Bryophyte species from upper canopy of cloud forests show narrow variation in functional traits under intense light , whereas species in the lower vertical strata associated with low levels of light intensity exhibited contrasting, but more diverse ecological strategies.</p>
Figure 3. Mean FCR values for Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S in Abundance, vertical distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the upper 50 m layer of the eastern Aegean Sea
Figure 3. Mean FCR values for Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S. setosa in each depth interval (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 m).
Figure 2 in Abundance, vertical distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the upper 50 m layer of the eastern Aegean Sea
Figure 2. The vertical distribution of Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S. setosa as percentage of total caught in water column sampled, and the average median depth (m) for each species (dotted lines).
Figure 5 in Abundance, vertical distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the upper 50 m layer of the eastern Aegean Sea
Figure 5. The horizontal distribution of the integrated abundance (ind m23) of total copepods, cladocerans and chaetognaths in each of the 10 sampling stations.
Figure 4 in Abundance, vertical distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the upper 50 m layer of the eastern Aegean Sea
Figure 4. The mean FCR of the ontogenetic stages of Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S. setosa recorded in the 0–50 m water column of the total area.
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites.
Data for "Evaluating vertical velocity retrievals from vertical vorticity equation constrained dual-Doppler analysis of real, rapid-scan radar data"
<p>This archive contains data from the Rapid Scanning X-Band Polarimetric (RaXPol) radar, Atmospheric Imaging Radar (AIR), and Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching radar (SMART-R) for 4 September 2018 in central Oklahoma. This is a rapid-scan dual-Doppler dataset of a convective storm. RaXPol and AIR were the two radars that can be used for dual-Doppler retrievals and the SMART-R data can be used for verification of vertical velocity.</p> <p>The AIR and RaXPol data have been quality controlled and are provided in cfRadial format. The SMART-R data has not been quality controlled and are available in its raw data format. All data can be read using the Python ARM Radar Toolkit.</p> <p>This dataset was used for the manuscript:</p> <p>Gebauer, J. G., A. Shapiro, C. K. Potvin, N. A. Dahl, M. I. Biggerstaff, and A. A. Alford, 2021: Evaluating vertical velocity retrievals from vertical vorticity equation constrained dual-Doppler analysis of rapid-scan radar data. <em>J. Atmos. Meas. Tech., </em>in review.</p>
An ocean turbulence data reduction scheme for autonomous, vertically profiling floats: datasets
<p>See <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719505">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719505</a> instead</p>
FIGURE. Tolypocladium cucullae (HKAS 55588, holotype). a, b. Material of Tolypocladium cucullae. c. Ascostromata. d. Fertile head of ascostroma. e. Vertical section of stroma. f. Peridium. g–j. Asci. k. Apical cap of asci. l–o. Secondary ascospores. Scale Bars: d = 5 mm, e = 100 µm, f = 50 µm, g–j = 200 µm, k, l–o = 20 µm. in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Tolypocladium cucullae (HKAS 55588, holotype). a, b. Material of Tolypocladium cucullae. c. Ascostromata. d. Fertile head of ascostroma. e. Vertical section of stroma. f. Peridium. g–j. Asci. k. Apical cap of asci. l–o. Secondary ascospores. Scale Bars: d = 5 mm, e = 100 µm, f = 50 µm, g–j = 200 µm, k, l–o = 20 µm.
FIGURE. Roussoella pseudohysterioides (GMB0009). a–d. Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostromata. g–j. Asci containing eight ascospores. k. Fragment of ascostromata in KOH without stromatal pigments. l–m. Ascus apex in Melzer's reagent. n–r. Dark brown ascospores. Scale bars: j–r = 10 μm. in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Roussoella pseudohysterioides (GMB0009). a–d. Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. e, f. Vertical sections of ascostromata. g–j. Asci containing eight ascospores. k. Fragment of ascostromata in KOH without stromatal pigments. l–m. Ascus apex in Melzer's reagent. n–r. Dark brown ascospores. Scale bars: j–r = 10 μm.
Water "Pump" in the Atmosphere of Mars: Modeling Vertical Transport to the Thermosphere
<p>Recent studies link the observed hydrogen escape in the Martian thermosphere to the water of lower atmospheric origin. However, the cold mesosphere hinders penetration of vapor into the upper atmosphere. We present results of simulations with the Max Planck Institute general circulation model (MPI-MGCM) implementing a state-of-the-art hydrological cycle scheme. The simulations reveal a seasonal water ``pump” mechanism responsible for the upward transport of vapor. It takes place in high latitudes of the southern hemisphere at perihelion, when the upward branch of the meridional circulation is particular strong. A combination of the mean vertical flux with variations induced by solar tides facilitates penetration of water across the “bottleneck” at approximately 60 km. The meridional circulation then transports water across the globe to the northern hemisphere. Since the intensity of the meridional cell is tightly controlled by airborne dust, the water abundance in the thermosphere strongly increases during dust storms.</p>
DATA: Oxygen isotope composition of final chamber of planktic foraminifera provides evidence for vertical migration and depth integrated growth
<p>Dataset from "Oxygen isotope composition of final chamber of planktic foraminifera provides evidence for vertical migration and depth integrated growth". Three files that represent: all data (stable isotope, weight, size) for T. sacculifer; all data (stable isotope, weight, size) for G. ruber and N.dutertrei and individual final chamber and remaining shell for T. sacculifer.</p>
Empirical optimal localization / Vertical covariance localization
<p>Data and code / Necker et al. 2022 - "Guidance on how to improve vertical covariance localization based on a 1000-member ensemble"<br> Revised version (R2) of the code and results after reviews</p>
Data of horizontal and vertical components of gusty disturbance
<p>Observed data of horizontal and vertical gust disturbance components, 70 cases outside the equator and 16 cases near the equator.</p>
Experimental meterials for "Identifying Lines and Interpreting Vertical Jumps in Eye Tracking Studies of Reading Text and Code"
<p>Experimental materials for the paper "Identifying Lines and Interpreting Vertical Jumps in Eye Tracking Studies of Reading Text and Code" published in the ACM Transactions on Applied Perception.</p> <p>Includes the texts used in the eye tracking experiments, the data collected by the eye tracker for all the participants, the Python script used to analyze the data, and the graphs produced by this script.</p>
Middle Holocene relative sea-level changes and vertical tectonic crustal movements on Shikoku Island near the Nankai Trough, Japan
<p>The Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the Eurasia plate at the Nankai Trough, northwestern Pacific, causing crustal deformation, mega-thrust earthquakes, and tsunami events. Shikoku Island, 150 km northwest of the trough, experiences both coseismic and interseismic deformation. Coastal sediments potentially record vertical crustal movements as relative sea level (RSL) changes. We studied sedimentary facies and microfossil ostracodes in core SKM from southwestern Shikoku Island for evidence of middle Holocene tsunami events and deformation. The core sediments included nine event layers corresponding to storm or tsunami events. Using modern analog techniques, we estimated RSLs from the ostracode assemblages of core SKM and 13 other cores from Shikoku Island and the surrounding region. Then, we subtracted RSL changes due to glacio-hydro isostatic adjustment from the estimated RSLs to estimate vertical tectonic movement rates in these cores between 8.6 and 4.7 ka. The inferred RSL changes suggest that the Sukumo site has experienced both uplift and subsidence since 8.6 ka. Before 6.6 ka, rates of the tectonic crustal movement were higher than the modern-day rate, and its spatial distribution also differed. After 6.6 ka, the tectonic crustal movement showed a similar spatial pattern and occurred at rates close to the modern-day interseismic rate. The spatial pattern and rates of tectonic crustal movement could be caused by changes in rupture areas between Eurasia and the Philippine Sea plates beneath Shikoku Island and in stress conditions of the asthenosphere. Some of the vertical displacements can be explained by the movements of local active faults.</p>
Animation of the vertical velocity and potential temperature for the reference simulation rf08_003b
<p>This animation shows the 12 h temporal evolution of the simulated 2D vertical wind field and potential temperature over the Scandinavian mountains for 28 January 2016. The numerical simulation is initialized with one-hourly ECMWF IFS upstream profiles taken at 61°N and 1°E and averaged from 12 to 18 UTC. The IFS input data are spectrally truncated to T21 in order to filter gravity waves out. The animation shows the computational domain extending from 0 to 20 km altitude (model top is at 80 km) and the whole horizontal domain excluding the lateral absorbers. Horizontal and vertical resolution is 500 m and 250 m, respectively, the time step is 2 s and the output for this animation is every 120 s.</p>
MODES DATA - vertical structure functions
<p>MODES DATA - vertical structure functions (VSF)</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.