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Fig. 5 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 5. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequence of the nad1 gene (491bp) amplified from the sediment of the 21 μm filter of the sieving method for isolation of taeniid eggs from faeces of the tiger analysed in this study highlighted in bold (MT920328); together with the sequence of the same gene of different Taenia spp.

Fig. 4 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 4. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequences of the cytB gene of Taenia solium from the present study highlighted in bold (MT371084- MT371085) and unique published sequences of the cytB gene available in GenBank from Ecuador (ECU), Tanzania (TANZ), Mexico (MEX), Brazil (BRA), Cameroun (CAM), Thailand (THA), Indonesia (INDO), Madagascar (MDG), INDIA, China (CHI) and Nepal (NEP). The sequences for the cytB gene from Taenia saginata (AB066581) and Taenia asiatica (AB066580) are also included. The cytB sequence from Echinococcus multilocularis (MK843307) was used as an outgroup.

Fig. 1 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 1. Camera trap image of the tiger infected with Taenia solium reported in this article captured on the 15th of November 2014. The image was taken during a survey of the Bengal tiger population at national level in Bhutan. Copyright: Nature Conservation Division, DoFPS, MoAF, Bhutan.

Fig. 2 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 2. Cysts identified at necropsy of the Bengal tiger in Bhutan (left) and isolated in a jar (right).

Fig. 2 in Nematode-induced pathological lesions and alterations of mucin pattern identified in abomasa of wild ruminants

Fig. 2. Histochemical staining of fundic tissue for mucin detection. A. Roe deer, sample from gross lesion. Superficially apparent decreasing PAS positivity at the luminal surface (arrow). PAS, magnification ×100. B. Fallow deer, sample from gross lesion. Residual PAS positivity in the upper pits of abomasum (arrow). PAS, magnification ×100. C. Fallow-deer, sample from gross lesion. Residual mucin located from upper abomasal pits (arrow) content to lower parts, including basal glands. Alcian blue, magnification ×200. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1. Abomasal tissue infected predominantly with A. sidemi. A in Nematode-induced pathological lesions and alterations of mucin pattern identified in abomasa of wild ruminants

Fig. 1. Abomasal tissue infected predominantly with A. sidemi. A. Fallow deer, positive for Ashworthius sidemi. Washed abomasal mucosa with apparent extensive areas of hyperemia (arrowheads) and hemorrhagic lesion in the area of the fundus (arrow). B. Red deer, sample from gross lesion. Part of the abomasum with dispersed round-cellular interstitial inflammation at the base of the glands (arrow) and between abomasal pits (arrowheads). Full findings are accompanied by interstitial edema (asterisk). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, magnification ×200. C. Fallow deer, sample from gross lesion. Part of the abomasum with hyperemia, consisting of several groups of vital erythrocytes in the interstitial tissue (arrow), including edema (arrowheads). H&E staining, magnification ×200. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp.) and intestinal parasitic stages of two separated Swiss wild boar populations north and south of the Alps: Similar parasite spectrum with regional idiosyncrasies

Fig. 3. Caudal ends of the 5 Metastrongylus species identified in this study: M. apri female (A) and male (B), M. asymmetricus female (C) and male (D), M. confusus female (E) and male (F), M. pudendotectus female (G) and male (H), M. salmi female (I) and male (J).

Fig. 3 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 3. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequences of the cox1 gene of Taenia solium from the present study highlighted in bold (MT366763- MT366764) and unique published sequences of the cox1 gene available in GenBank from Tanzania (TANZ), Brazil (BRA), Mexico (MEX), Ecuador (ECU), Madagascar (MDG), Indonesia (INDO- PA, INDO-BA), China (CHI), Nepal (NEP), Thailand (THA) and India (TAE). Sequences for the cox1 gene from Taenia saginata (AB066495) and T. asiatica (AB066494) were also included. The cox1 sequence of Echinococcus multilocularis (MN251845) was used as an outgroup.

Fig. 1 in Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp.) and intestinal parasitic stages of two separated Swiss wild boar populations north and south of the Alps: Similar parasite spectrum with regional idiosyncrasies

Fig. 1. Map of Switzerland with sampling areas for the northern (Cantons of Aargau (AG), Schaffhausen (SH), Thurgau (TG) and Zürich (ZH)) and the southern (Canton of Ticino (TI)) wild boar population. N: number of lungs sampled.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in A comparison of detection methods of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat

Fig. 3. Probability of detection of DMS using various methods (Digestion, D + P, Compressor) in relation to numbers of DMS in meat sample (basing on AMT method) (n = 43 for D + P, Digest, n = 19 for Compressor, for details, see Methods).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in A comparison of detection methods of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat

Fig. 1. The scheme of the experiment. Legend: P – prevalence of infection has been determined, I – intensity of infection has been determined, S – sensitivity of method has been determined, DMS – Distomum musculorum suis (mesocercariae of Alaria alata), AMT-reference – Alaria alata mesocercariae migration technique – reference method, Compressor – compressor analysis, Digestion – digestion with digestion stirrer, D + P – modified digestion with Pancreatin® bile pancreatic enzymes.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in A comparison of detection methods of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat

Fig. 2. Mean numbers of DMS in meat sample (30 g) and comparison with the Kruskall Wallis test (X2 = 64.34.03; df = 2; P <0.001, N = 43 in all cases) and pairwise comparison with the Mann-Whitney U test (statistical difference was stated in comparison of pairs: AMT-Digestion and AMT-D + P, p <0.001 in both cases).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Ecological Dynamics and Coexistence Patterns of Wild and Domestic Mammals in an Abandoned Landscape

<p>This repository contains all scripts and data used for analysis and figures for the paper <strong>Zuleger, Annika M., Perino, Andrea, Pereira, Henrique M. (2024): <em>Ecological Dynamics and Coexistence Patterns of Wild and Domestic Mammals in an Abandoned Landscape</em>. Wildlife Biology. DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01319</strong></p> <p><strong>Full Changelog</strong>: https://github.com/AMZuleger/Dynamics_Coexistence_Peneda/commits/v1.0.0</p> <h2><strong>Abstract</strong></h2> <p>The issue of agricultural land abandonment in Southern Europe has raised concerns about its impact on biodiversity. While abandoned areas can lead to positive developments like creating new habitats and restoring native vegetation, they can also result in human-wildlife conflicts, particularly in areas with extensive farming and free-ranging livestock. To understand habitat selection and use of livestock and wild ungulates, it is essential to study their spatial and temporal distribution patterns. In this context, we conducted a long-term large mammal monitoring project using camera traps in the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Northern Portugal. Our primary focus was on exploring habitat preferences, occupancy dynamics, and potential spatial use correlations between domestic and wild species, utilizing dynamic occupancy models. Most wild species exhibited stable area use patterns, while domestic species experienced marginal declines, and the Iberian ibex displayed signs of repopulation. We observed distinct effects of habitat variables on occupancy, colonization, and extinction, revealing species-specific patterns of habitat utilization. Human disturbance had a notable impact on domestic species but did not affect wild ones. Camera sensitivity emerged as a critical factor, enhancing detection probability for all species. Additionally, habitat and weather variables exerted varying effects on detection probabilities, underscoring the necessity of accounting for these factors in modeling the detection process. We found shared habitat preferences between cattle and horses, both positively correlated with wolves, suggesting potential human-wildlife conflicts. Despite extensive spatial overlap, domestic and wild species seem to exhibit ecological independence due to distinct strategies and low predation pressure. Overall, the study emphasizes the multifaceted factors influencing habitat use. The observed species associations contribute to understanding ecological relationships and potential resource competition, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental variables for effective wildlife conservation and management.</p> <div> <h2><strong>Structure</strong></h2> </div> <ul> <li>R_Ecological_Dynamics_and_Coexistence_Patterns_rv.R --> R Script to perform all analysis from the publication <ul> <li>This is the only file needed to perform the entire analysis. Code will automaticall download data from GitHub and produce all Results and Figures.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div> <h3><strong>Data</strong></h3> </div> <ul> <li>Presence-absence tables for each species (per grid cell and week) from 2015 to 2022 (e.g. Domestic cattle.csv)</li> <li>SiteCovs_2015_grid.csv --> intial site covariates for the first primary sampling period</li> <li>yearlySiteCovs_grid.rds --> yearly site covariates for each primary sampling period</li> <li>ObsCovs.rds --> observation covariates for each secondary sampling period</li> </ul> <h2><strong>Authors</strong></h2> <p>Annika M. Zuleger*, Andrea Perino and Henrique M. Pereira</p> <p>*Corresponding author: Annika Mikaela Zuleger, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Email: <a href="mailto:annika_mikaela.zuleger@idiv.de">annika_mikaela.zuleger@idiv.de</a></p>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Fig. 2 in Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in wild rodents (Phyllotis darwini) inhabiting protected and rural transitional areas in north-central Chile

Fig. 2. Phylogram representing analysis of the 18 rRNA region. The evolutionary history was inferred with maximum likelihood method and the Tamura 3-parameter (T92) model with a discrete Gamma distribution (5 categories (+G)). Analysis contains sequences uploaded from GenBank (with Cryptosporidium species, host, country, and accessions numbers in brackets) and those obtained in the present study are shown in triangles (with ID isolate, host, site of sampling and country, and accessions numbers in brackets). Bootstrap values are represented as per cent of internal branches (1000 replicates), and values lower than 50 are hidden. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Cryptosporidium muris was used to root the tree.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in wild rodents (Phyllotis darwini) inhabiting protected and rural transitional areas in north-central Chile

Fig. 1. Map of the Coquimbo region in Chile showing the two types of areas (i.e., Bosque Fray Jorge National Park - BFPNP [in green]; El Tangue Farm [in blue]) in which Darwin's leaf-eared mice (Phyllotis darwini) were sampled. In each area, 4 grids were established, and 200 capture points were allocated per grid. (UTM projection. Datum WGS84, Zone 19J).

Fig. 2 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans

Fig. 2. The efficacy of the natural components against E. tenella sporozoites. The viability of sporozoites was determined at various concentrations of the compounds that showed effectiveness at 100 μM. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined from the approximate curves obtained from these results. SPZ: sporozoite.

Fig. 1 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans

Fig. 1. Direct effects of the natural components derived from alpine plants on E. tenella sporozoites. The viability of sporozoites treated with each natural component derived from alpine plants or lasalocid (positive control) with the viability of the DMSO-treated group set as 100%. The final concentration was 100 μM for the natural components, and 1 μM for lasalocid. SPZ: sporozoite; Las: lasalocid. Outliers were tested using Thompson's test (p <0.05), and the student's t-test was utilized to compare the data with the DMSO-treated group as a control (**p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001).

Fig. 3 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans

Fig. 3. Confirmation of the active compounds using commercially available compounds and their efficacy. (A) The viability of sporozoites treated with each commercially available compound or lasalocid (positive control) was compared to the viability of the DMSO-treated group, which was set as 100%. The final concentration was 100 μM for the synthetic compounds, and 1 μM for lasalocid. SPZ: sporozoite, Las: lasalocid. The student's t-test was used for the comparisons (****p <0.0001) without outliers, as tested using Thompson's test (p <0.05). (B) The viability of sporozoites was determined at each concentration of the synthetic compounds that showed effectiveness at 100 μM. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined by approximating the curves obtained from the results.

Fig. 4 in Anticoccidial activity of the secondary metabolites in alpine plants frequently ingested by wild Japanese rock ptarmigans

Fig. 4. The inhibitory effects of the natural components derived from alpine plants on sporozoite cell invasion. The invasion rate of sporozoites treated with each natural component derived from alpine plants or lasalocid (positive control) with the viability of the DMSO-treated group set as 100%. Each compound was used at its maximum non-toxic concentration. Las: lasalocid. The student's t-test was utilized to compare the data with the DMSO-treated group as a control (**p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001). Outliers were identified and removed using Thompson's test (p <0.05).