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FIGURE 2. A–C. Lindsaea hamiguitanensis D.N.Karger & V.B.Amoroso. A. Habit. B. Rhizome scale. C in A new species of Lindsaea (Lindsaeaceae, Polypodiopsida) from Mt. Hamiguitan, Mindanao, Philippines
FIGURE 2. A–C. Lindsaea hamiguitanensis D.N.Karger & V.B.Amoroso. A. Habit. B. Rhizome scale. C. Pinnule, abaxial, showing indusium. All from Karger 444 (Z).
Data from: Scale-dependent effects of terrestrial habitat on genetic variation in the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
<p><b>Context</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Terrestrial landscapes surrounding aquatic habitat influence the persistence of amphibian spatially structured populations (SSPs) via their crucial role in providing estivation and overwintering sites, facilitating or hampering dispersal and colonisation, and consequently the maintenance or loss of genetic diversity.</p> <p><b>Objectives</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">To highlight the landscape drivers of genetic variation, we investigated the relationship between the level of genetic variation measured within ponds of the great crested newt (<i>Triturus cristatus</i>), and the composition of the surrounding landscape at various spatial scales.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Based on the sampling of 40 ponds in thirteen SSPs, the influence of landscape features on several estimators of genetic variation was investigated via linear mixed models, with effects within and between SSPs incorporated.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">The best models depended on the spatial scale, with more significant associations within radii of 50 and 100 m of core ponds, particularly for allelic richness. Responses within and between SSPs were mostly similar. The availability of aquatic habitat in the landscape had a positive effect, while woodland, arable land and pasture had different effects depending on scale and response variable. Total length of roads within a 250 m radius influenced effective population size negatively.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Our results stress the need to investigate the influence of environmental predictors at multiple spatial scales for an adequate understanding of ongoing processes. Generally, the landscape affected genetic variation similarly within and between SSPs. This allowed us to provide general guidelines for the persistence of great crested newt populations, with an emphasis on the importance of the aquatic habitat.</p>
FIGURE 1. Adenia barthelatii. A. Habit, scale bar 30 in Adenia barthelatii (Passifloraceae), a new endemic species of Mayotte and its phylogenetic status within the genus Adenia
FIGURE 1. Adenia barthelatii. A. Habit, scale bar 30 cm; B, C. Stem and leaves, scale bar 2 cm; D, E. ♁ flower, scale bar 4 mm; F, G.♀ flower, scale bar 4 mm; H. ♀ inflorescence and fruit, scale bar 1 cm; I. open fruit, scale bar 1 cm;. A–C, I, from Labat et al. 3291, D, E, from Barthelat et al. 1205, F, G, H from Barthelat et al. 433. Drawing by Agathe Haevermans.
FIGURE 1. A–H Hyobanche thinophila. Scale bar for A-B below B in Hyobanche thinophila (Orobanchaceae), a new species from the Western Cape of South Africa
FIGURE 1. A–H Hyobanche thinophila. Scale bar for A-B below B; scale bar for C-H below D. A. Habit. B. Rhizome. C. Complete flower with bract and bracteoles. D. Corolla interior. E. Pistil. F. Flower bract. G. Flower bracteoles. H. Calyx, showing four fused sepals and one free.
FIGURE 2. Rhododendron baihuaense. A, Flowering shoot. B, Scales. C, Flower. D, Mature fruit. E in A new species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) from the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan, China, supported by morphological and DNA barcoding data
FIGURE 2. Rhododendron baihuaense. A, Flowering shoot. B, Scales. C, Flower. D, Mature fruit. E, Pistil and calyx. F, Stamen. G, Corolla, cut open.
Data from: How biological attention mechanisms improve task performance in a large-scale visual system model
How does attentional modulation of neural activity enhance performance? Here we use a deep convolutional neural network as a large-scale model of the visual system to address this question. We model the feature similarity gain model of attention, in which attentional modulation is applied according to neural stimulus tuning. Using a variety of visual tasks, we show that neural modulations of the kind and magnitude observed experimentally lead to performance changes of the kind and magnitude observed experimentally. We find that, at earlier layers, attention applied according to tuning does not successfully propagate through the network, and has a weaker impact on performance than attention applied according to values computed for optimally modulating higher areas. This raises the question of whether biological attention might be applied at least in part to optimize function rather than strictly according to tuning. We suggest a simple experiment to distinguish these alternatives.
Scaling and structural properties of juvenile bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) Data
<p>Bull kelp (<i>Nereocystis luetkeana</i>), the only canopy-forming kelp in the Salish Sea, provides primary production in the nearshore subtidal environment and serves as important habitat for economically and ecologically important species. An annual species, each year juvenile bull kelp sporophytes must grow from the hydrodynamically more benign benthos to the water column, where they experience substantial drag at the surface. Because of the differences in morphology and ecology across life stages, and the fact that previous work has focused mainly on adult bull kelp, we tested whether morphology and structural properties change with stipe length, investigating scaling of both juvenile (stipe length <40 cm) and mature (stipe length > 40cm) kelp, and testing how juvenile stipes fail. Juvenile bull kelp grow proportionally (isometric growth) when young, but lengthen more quickly than would be predicted by bulb size (negative allometry) at maturity. Based on our data, the predicted breakpoint between isometric and allometric growth occurred at about 33 cm, likely ~ one to two weeks of growth. Cross sectional area of the stipe, Force to failure, Work to failure, and stiffness (Young's Modulus) all grow more slowly than would be predicted based on length, while Maximum Stress and Toughness increase more quickly than predicted. There is no change in extensibility over the size range we tested, suggesting that this material property does not change with stipe length. The differences in biomechanics between juvenile and adult kelp are likely a response to the varied hydrodynamic environments experienced during the annual lifecycle, which highlights the importance of studying organisms across life stages.</p>
Millennial-scale change on a Caribbean reef system that experiences hypoxia
<p>Coastal hypoxia has become an increasingly acknowledged threat to coral reefs that is potentially intensifying because of increased input of anthropogenic nutrients. Almirante Bay (Caribbean Panama) is a semi-enclosed system that experiences hypoxia in deeper waters which occasionally expand into shallow coral reefs, suffocating most aerobic benthic life. To explore the long-term history of reefs in the bay we extracted reef matrix cores from two reefs that today experience contrasting patterns of oxygenation. We constructed a 1800-year-long record of gastropod assemblages and isotope compositions from six U-Th chronologically-constrained reef matrix cores. We extracted two cores from each reef at 3 m water depth and two additional cores from a deeper part (4.8 m) of the hypoxia-exposed reef. Results show that the deeper part of the hypoxic reef slowed in growth and stopped accreting approximately 1500 years BP while the shallow part of the reef continued to accrete to the present day, in agreement with a model of expanding hypoxia at this time. Our proxy-based approach suggests that the patterns of increasing herbivores and decreasing carbon isotope values in the deeper part of the hypoxic reef may have been driven by an increase in hypoxia via eutrophication caused by either natural changes or human impacts. Similar patterns in these paleoindicators occurred in the shallow part of the hypoxic reef during the last few decades. This suggests that hypoxia may be expanding to depths as shallow as 3 m and that shallow reefs are experiencing greater risk due to increased human activity.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Knufia aspidiotus sp. nov., a new black yeast from scale insects
FIGURE 2. Morphology of Knufia aspidiotus, CGMCC3.15211. a. Black, dry, hard colony after 2 months on PDA. b. Catenated, moniliform hyphae. c. Solitary, enlarged, darkly pigmented multicellular body with a transverse septum and a longitudinal septum. d. Endoconidia in undifferentiated hyphae. e–f. Sympodial, lateral blastic conidia, contributing to branching of hyphae. g–i. Holoblastic conidia with multiseptate. h. Holoblastic conidia in undifferentiated hyphae. j. Holoblastic conidia formed by yeast-like budding. Scale bar: b–j 10 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Knufia aspidiotus sp. nov., a new black yeast from scale insects
FIGURE 4. MP tree based on ITS sequences. The tree is rooted with Cyphellophora pauciseptata, C. suttonii and C. fusarioides. The left numbers on the branches are bootstrap values, and the right numbers are Bayesian posterior probability support values. * indicates lack of support or less than 50% for a lineage and T denotes a type strain.
FIGURE 1 in Knufia aspidiotus sp. nov., a new black yeast from scale insects
FIGURE 1. Colonies and mycelia of Knufia aspidiotus after 42 days at 25 °C on a. PDA; b. MEA; c. CMA; and d. OA.
FIGURE 3 in Knufia aspidiotus sp. nov., a new black yeast from scale insects
FIGURE 3. MP tree based on SSU sequences. The tree is rooted with Verrucula inconnexaria, V. granulosaria, Placidium arboreum and P. squamulosum. The left (or upper) numbers at the branches are bootstrap values, and the right (or lower) numbers are Bayesian posterior probability support values. * indicates lack of support or less than 50% for a lineage and T denotes a type strain.
FIGURE 4. Begonia fenicis. A. Habit. B. Glabrous leaf margin. C. Capsule. Scale bars are 5 in Begonia tandangii (Begoniaceae, section Baryandra), a new species from Luzon Island, the Philippines
FIGURE 4. Begonia fenicis. A. Habit. B. Glabrous leaf margin. C. Capsule. Scale bars are 5 cm for A, 5 mm for B and C. [A from Koh Nakamura 11969 (HAST); B from Koh Nakamura 20101477 (HAST); C from Koh Nakamura 11754 (HAST)]
FIGURE 5 A. Coccus ilicis L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 5 A. Coccus ilicis L. First-instar nymph. (Now Kermes ilicis (L.)) B. Coccus quercus L. First-instar nymph. (Now Kermes quercus (L.)).
Data from: Fine-scale habitat selection by sympatric Canada lynx and bobcat
<p>The Canada lynx (<em>Lynx canadensis</em>) and the bobcat (<em>Lynx rufus</em>) are closely related species with overlap at their range peripheries, but the factors that limit each species and the interactions between them are not well understood. Habitat selection is a hierarchical process, in which selection at higher orders (geographic range, home range) may constrain selection at lower orders (within the home range). Habitat selection at a very fine scale within the home range has been less studied for both lynx and bobcat compared to selection at broader spatio-temporal scales. To compare this fourth-order habitat selection by the two species in an area of sympatry, we tracked lynx and bobcat during the winters of 2017 and 2018 on the north shore of Lake Huron, Ontario. We found that both lynx and bobcat selected shallower snow, higher snowshoe hare abundance, and higher amounts of coniferous forest at the fourth order. However, the two species were spatially segregated at the second order, and lynx were found in areas with deeper snow, more snowshoe hare, and more coniferous forest. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the lynx and bobcat select different resources at the second order, assorting along an environmental gradient in the study area, and that competition is unlikely to be occurring between the two species at finer scales.</p>
Broad-Scale Responses of Harbor Porpoises to Pile-Driving and Vessel Activities During Offshore Windfarm Construction
<p>Offshore windfarm developments are expanding, requiring assessment and mitigation of impacts on protected species. Typically, assessments of impacts on marine mammals have focussed on pile-driving, as intense impulsive noise elicits adverse behavioural responses. However, other construction activities such as jacket and turbine installation also change acoustic habitats through increased vessel activity. To date, the contribution of construction-related vessel activity in shaping marine mammal behavioural responses at windfarm construction sites has been overlooked and no guidelines or mitigation measures have been implemented.</p> <p>We compared broad-scale spatio-temporal variation in harbour porpoise occurrence and foraging activity between baseline periods and different construction phases at two Scottish offshore windfarms. Following a Before-After Control-Impact design, arrays of echolocation click detectors (CPODs) were deployed in 25 km by 25 km impact and reference blocks throughout the 2017-2019 construction. Echolocation clicks and buzzes were used to investigate porpoise occurrence and foraging activity respectively. In parallel, we characterised broadband noise levels using calibrated noise recorders (SoundTraps and SM2Ms) and vessel activities using AIS data integrated with engineering records. Following an impact gradient design, we then quantified the magnitude of porpoise responses in relation to changes in the acoustic environment and vessel activity.</p> <p>Compared to baseline, an 8-17% decline in porpoise occurrence was observed in the impact block during pile-driving and other construction activities. The probability of detecting porpoises and buzzing activity was positively related to the distance from vessel and construction activities, and negatively related to levels of vessel intensity and background noise. Porpoise displacement was observed at up to 12 km from pile-driving activities and up to 4 km from construction vessels. This evidence of broad-scale behavioural responses of harbour porpoises to these different construction activities highlights the importance of assessing and managing all vessel activities at offshore windfarm sites to minimise potential impacts of anthropogenic noise.</p>
Urbanization reduces genetic connectivity in bobcats (Lynx rufus) at both intra- and inter-population spatial scales
<p>Urbanization is a major factor driving habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss in wildlife. However, the impacts of urbanization on connectivity can vary among species and even populations due to differences in local landscape characteristics, and our ability to detect these relationships may depend on the spatial scale at which they are measured. Bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) are relatively sensitive to urbanization and the status of bobcat populations is an important indicator of connectivity in urban coastal southern California. We genotyped 271 bobcats at 13,520 SNP loci to conduct a replicated landscape resistance analysis in five genetically distinct populations. We tested urban and natural factors potentially influencing individual connectivity in each population separately, as well as study-wide. Overall, landscape genomic effects were most frequently detected at the study-wide spatial scale, with urban land cover (measured as impervious surface) having negative effects and topographic roughness having positive effects on gene flow. The negative effect of urban land cover on connectivity was also evident when populations were analyzed separately despite varying substantially in spatial area and the proportion of urban development, confirming a pervasive impact of urbanization largely independent of spatial scale. The effect of urban development was strongest in one population where stream habitat had been lost to development, suggesting that riparian corridors may help mitigate reduced connectivity in urbanizing areas. Our results demonstrate the importance of replicating landscape genetic analyses across populations and considering how landscape genetic effects may vary with spatial scale and local landscape structure.</p>
FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834 in A revision of the genus Pachyrhinus Schӧnherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae Entiminae) in the Nearctic Region
FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834.
Frontmatter: Mining Android User Interfaces at Scale
<p>Frontmatter dataset contains user interface models of about 160,000 Android apps.</p>
Data from: Harvest is associated with the disruption of social and fine-scale genetic structure among matrilines of a solitary large carnivore
<p>Harvest can disrupt wildlife populations by removing adults with naturally high survival. This can reshape sociospatial structure, genetic composition, fitness, and potentially affect evolution. Genetic tools can detect changes in local, fine-scale genetic structure (FGS) and assess the interplay between harvest-caused social and FGS in populations. We used data on 1,614 brown bears, <i>Ursus arctos</i>, genotyped with 16 microsatellites, to investigate whether harvest intensity (mean low: 0.13 from 1990-2005, mean high: 0.28 from 2006-2011) caused changes in FGS among matrilines (8 matrilines; 109 females ≥ 4 years of age), sex-specific survival and putative dispersal distances, female spatial genetic autocorrelation, matriline persistence, and male mating patterns. Increased harvest decreased FGS of matrilines. Female dispersal distances decreased and male reproductive success was redistributed more evenly. Adult males had lower survival during high harvest, suggesting that higher male turnover caused this redistribution and helped explain decreased structure among matrilines, despite shorter female dispersal distances. Adult female survival and survival probability of both mother and daughter were lower during high harvest, indicating that matriline persistence was also lower. Our findings indicate a crucial role of regulated harvest in shaping populations, decreasing differences among 'groups', even for solitary-living species, and potentially altering the evolutionary trajectory of wild populations.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.