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Data from: How innovative are new drugs launched in the UK? A retrospective study of new drugs listed in the British National Formulary (BNF) 2001-2012
Objectives: Innovative new drugs offer potential benefits to patients, healthcare systems, governments and the pharmaceutical industry. Recent data suggest annual numbers of new drugs launched in the UK have increased in recent years, and we sought to understand whether this represents increasing numbers of highly innovative drugs being made available or the introduction of increasing numbers of drugs with limited additional therapeutic value. Design and setting: Retrospective observational study of new drug entries in the British National Formulary (BNF). Primary and secondary outcome measures: Number of new drugs launched in the UK each year (based on first appearance in the BNF) from 2001 to 2012, including new chemical entities and new biological drugs, categorised by degree of innovativeness according to published criteria that incorporate both clinical usefulness and the nature of the innovation. Results: Highly innovative, moderately innovative and slightly innovative drugs made up 26%, 18% and 56% of all newly launched drugs, respectively, for the study period (n=290). There was an upward trend in annual numbers of slightly innovative drugs from 2004 onwards (R2=0.44), which aligned closely with the recovery in total numbers of new drugs launched each year since that time. There were no discernible time trends in the highly or moderately innovative categories. New drugs for malignancy and skin disease were most likely to be characterised as highly innovative (44% and 57%, respectively). Conclusions: Highly innovative new drugs comprise only around a quarter of all new drug launches in the UK. In contrast, drugs categorised as only slightly innovative comprised well over half of all new drugs and annual numbers in this category are increasing. Current policy initiatives that seek to increase the supply of innovative new drugs have long-lead times to impact, and will need careful assessment to ensure they deliver their aims without unintended consequences.
Data from: Redescription of Phymolepis cuifengshanensis (Antiarcha: Yunnanolepididae) using high-resolution computed tomography and new insights into anatomical details of the endocranium in antiarchs
Background. Yunnanolepidoids constitute either the basal-most consecutive segments or the most primitive clade of antiarchs, a highly diversified jawed vertebrate group from the Silurian and Early Devonian periods. Although the general morphology of yunnanolepidoids is well established, their endocranial features remain largely unclear, thus hindering our further understanding of antiarch evolution, and early gnathostome evolution. Phymolepis cuifengshanensis, a yunnanolepidoid from the Early Devonian of southwestern China, is re-described in detail to reveal the information on endocranial anatomy and additional morphological data of head and trunk shields. Methods. We scanned the material of P. cuifengshanensis using high-resolution computed tomography and generated virtual restorations to show the internal morphology of its dermal shield. The dorsal aspect of endocranium in P. cuifengshanensis was therefore inferred. The phylogenetic analysis of antiarchs was conducted based on a revised and expanded dataset that incorporates ten new cranial characters. Results. The lateroventral fossa of trunk shield and Chang's apparatus are three-dimensionally restored in P. cuifengshanensis. The canal that is positioned just anterior to the internal cavity of Chang's apparatus, probably corresponds to the rostrocaudal canal of euantiarchs. The endocranial morphology of P. cuifengshanensis corroborates a general pattern for yunnanolepidoids with additional characters distinguishing them from sinolepids and euantiarchs, such as a developed cranio-spinal process, an elongated endolymphatic duct, and a long occipital portion. Discussion. In light of new data from Phymolepis and Yunnanolepis, we summarized the morphology on the visceral surface of head shield in antiarchs, and formulated additional ten characters for the phylogenetic analysis. These cranial characters exhibit a high degree of morphological disparity between major subgroups of antiarchs, and highlight the endocranial character evolution in antiarchs.
Data from: Molecular analysis of H7 avian influenza viruses from Australia and New Zealand: genetic diversity and relationships from 1976 to 2007
Full genome sequencing of 11 Australian and one New Zealand subtype H7 avian influenza A isolates has enabled the comparison of sequences from each of the genome segments to other sequenced subtype H7 avian influenza A. The inference of phylogenetic relationships for each segment has been used to develop a model of the natural history of these viruses in Australia. The Australian H7 hemagglutinins form a monophyletic clade, consistent with the long-term, independent evolution due to geographic isolation. Based on the analysis of the other available H7 hemagglutinins sequences, the three other geographic regions for which similar monophyletic clades have been observed were confirmed; these regions are Eurasia (Africa, Europe and Asia), North America and South America. Analysis of datasets of H7N1, H7N3, H7N7 neuraminidase sequences revealed congruent relationships indicating a similar pattern of geographically constrained independent evolution for each of the neuraminidase subtype datasets. This pattern of evolution in geographic isolation is supported by analysis of each of the six remaining segments of the Australian isolates. These data in combination with the occurrence of five different combinations of neuraminidase subtypes (H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N6, H7N7) among the 11 Australian isolates suggests a single maintenance network of hosts, probably comprising several avian species, for subtype H7 avian influenza A in Australia. A clear time based evolution of the hemagglutinins sequences despite the occurrence of multiple neuraminidase types suggest a genetic pool from which a variety of reassorants arise rather than the presence of a small number of stable viral clones. This pattern of evolution is likely to occur in each of the regions mentioned above as well as possibly a new region comprising of New Zealand, based on the apparent genetic isolation of the isolate analyzed in this study.
Data from: A genetic assessment of the human-facilitated colonization history of black swans in Australia and New Zealand
Movement of species beyond their indigenous distribution can fundamentally alter the conservation status of the populations involved. If introductions are human-facilitated, introduced species could be considered pests. Characterizing the colonization history of introduced species can, therefore, be critical to formulating the objectives and nature of wildlife management strategies. The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is native to Australia but is considered a reintroduced species in New Zealand, where the endemic population was reported extinct during the 19th century. After the re-introduction of a small number of individuals from Australia, the New Zealand population expanded unexpectedly rapidly, which was attributed to simultaneous waves of migration from Australia. An alternative, but hitherto unformalized, hypothesis is that local extant populations remained and admixed with introduced individuals. To contribute to our understanding of the reintroduction history of the species, we investigated dispersal patterns and demographic histories of seven populations from Australia and New Zealand, using population genetic inferences from a microsatellite dataset. Our results on genetic structure, dispersal rates, and demographic histories provide mixed evidence on the origin of New Zealand black swans. The hypothesis that reintroduced individuals mixed with remaining local individuals and that the subsequent dramatic population expansion may have been due to genetic rescue of the inbred indigenous population cannot be discarded and needs further investigation.
Data from: Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for "maternal-excess" crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins of Mimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploid M. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species. METHODS: We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploid M. ×robertsii hybrids resulting from paternal- vs. maternal-excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations of M. peregrinus to its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre-existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multiple M. peregrinus and M. ×robertsii populations. KEY RESULTS: We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins of M. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal-excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal-excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114 M. ×robertsii individuals, and 27 of 27 M. peregrinus, had an M. guttatus maternal haplotype. CONCLUSION: This study, which includes the first Mimulus chloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.
Data from: Magnolia mercedesiarum (subsect. Talauma, Magnoliaceae): a new Andean species from northern Ecuador, with insights into its potential distribution
Magnolia mercedesiarum, a new species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern Ecuador, is described and illustrated, and a key to Ecuadorian Magnolia (subsect. Talauma) is provided. This species differs from M. vargasiana in having broadly elliptic leaves obtuse at the base vs. suborbicular and subcordate to cordate at the base, glabrous stipular scar, more numerous lateral veins per side and fewer stamens. It also differs from M. llanganatensis in having leaf blades broadly elliptic vs. elliptic, longer petioles, less numerous lateral leaf veins per side; larger fruits, and more numerous petals and carpels. Using MaxEnt species distribution models and IUCN threat criteria, M. mercedesiarum has a potential distribution area of less than 3307 km² and is assessed as Endangered (EN): B1 ab (i, ii, iii). The relevance of systematic vegetation sampling in the discovery of rare species is highlighted.
Data from: Papuaneon, a new genus of jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Neonini)
The genus Neon Simon stands alone as a phylogenetically isolated astioid jumping spider, the only member of the Neonini. The new genus Papuaneon is established for the jumping spider Papuaneon tualapa sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. Resembling a large, hirsute Neon, it is here shown to be the sister group to Neon, based on data from the nuclear 28S and Actin 5C, and the mitochondrial 16SND1 region. Photographs of living specimens are provided.
Figure 6 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree inferred using IQ-TREE, version 1.6. Bootstrap support values indicated on branches; scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Figure 5 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 5. Coccophagus yunnana sp.nov. female. (a) antenna; (b) fore wing; (c) F3 and clubs; (d) stigma vein of fore wing.
Figure 4 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 4. Coccophagus yunnana sp. nov. female. (a) head and mesosoma; (b) head in face view; (c) mesosoma; (d) ovipositor.
Figure 1 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 1. Coccophagus anchoroides (Huang), female. (a) antenna; (b) fore wing; (c) mesosoma and metasoma; (d) ovipositor, mid-tibia and tarsus. Scale bars = μm (from Huang 1994).
Figure 2 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 2. Coccophagus fumadus Hayat, female. (a) meso- and metasoma (gaster); (b) antenna; (c) fore wing; (d) dorsal mesosoma; (e) head.
Figure 3 in The species of the varius group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, with description of a new species, DNA sequence data, and a new country record
Figure 3. Coccophagus yunnana sp. nov. female. (a) coccid scale host with C. yunnana pupa and meconia visible; (b) pupa in dorsal view; (c) pupa in ventral view; (d) body in dorsal view; (e) body in ventral view.
Data from: The imprint of Cenozoic migrations and evolutionary history on the biogeographic gradient of body size in New World mammals
Ecology, evolution and historical events all contribute to biogeographic patterns, but studies integrating them are scarce. Here we focus on how biotic exchanges of mammals during the Late Cenozoic have contributed to current geographic body size patterns. We explore differences in the environmental correlates and phylogenetic patterning of body size between the groups of mammals participating and not participating in past biotic exchanges. Both the association of body size with environmental predictors and its phylogenetic signal were stronger for groups that immigrated into North or South America than for indigenous groups. This pattern, which held when extinct clades were included in the analyses, can be interpreted based on the length of time that clades have had to diversify and occupy niche space. Moreover, we identify a role for historical events such as Cenozoic migrations on configuring contemporary mammal body size patterns and illustrate where these influences have been strongest for New World mammals.
Data from: Platichthys solemdali sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, Pleuronectiformes): a new flounder species from the Baltic Sea
The European flounders Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) displays two contrasting reproductive behaviors in the Baltic Sea: offshore spawning of pelagic eggs and coastal spawning of demersal eggs, a behavior observed exclusively in the Baltic Sea. Previous studies showed marked differences in behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits of flounders with pelagic and demersal eggs. Furthermore, a recent study demonstrated that flounders with pelagic and demersal eggs represent two reproductively isolated, parapatric species arising from two distinct colonization events from the same ancestral population. Using morphological data we first established that the syntypes on which the original description of P. flesus was based belong the pelagic-spawning lineage. We then used a combination of morphological and physiological characters as well as genome-wide genetic data to describe flounders with demersal eggs as a new species: Platichthys solemdali sp. nov. The new species can be clearly distinguished from P. flesus based on egg morphology, egg and sperm physiology as well as via population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. While the two species do show some minor morphological differences in the number of anal and dorsal fin rays, no external morphological feature can be used to unambiguously identify individuals to species. Therefore, we developed a simple molecular diagnostic test able to unambiguously distinguish P. solemdali from P. flesus with a single PCR reaction, a tool that should be useful to fishery scientists and managers, as well as to ecologist studying these species.
Data from: Lepidostroma vilgalysii, a new basidiolichen from the New World
The lichenized basidiomycete Lepidostroma vilgalysii is described from Mexico based on morphological analyses. The species is only the second representative of the family Lepidostromataceae documented from the New World, and is one of the few described lichens with an inverted morphology, with the algae in a layer at the base of the thallus. Molecular sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal LSU locus are used to confirm the placement of the holotype in Lepidostroma and to evaluate the molecular distinctiveness of the species from all other described species in the family and genus.
Data from: Ipomoea gilana: a new and endemic morning glory (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico
An endemic morning glory of southwestern New Mexico, Ipomoea gilana , known only from the Black Range of the Gila National Forest, is described and distinguished from a close phylogenetic associate, Ipomoea orizabensis (Ipomoea series Tyrianthinae), from mid-elevation mountains (800–2,000 m) of Mexico and Central America. The new species resembles I. lindheimeri (Ipomoea section Pharbitis) superficially, but molecular studies indicate closer relationships with I. orizabensis. Ipomoea gilana has slightly succulent leaf blades, nocturnal anthesis, light blue corollas, slightly exserted, subequal stamens with filaments inserted 2 cm above the base of the corolla tube and three-locular capsules. Ipomoea orizabensis s. l. has membranous leaf blades, diurnal anthesis, ruddy magenta corollas with unequal, included stamens inserted less than 1 cm from the base of the corolla tube and two-locular capsules. The new species is illustrated and a table of differences between the three species is provided.
Data from: Zornia melanocarpa (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae), a new species from Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil, and its phylogenetic position in the genus
Zornia melanocarpa , a new species of Leguminosae (Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae) from Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The species is characterized by black fruits with white hairs and an absence of bristles, characters unique within the genus. The species is morphologically similar to Z. crinita and Z. hebecarpa, but differs from both by having a shorter inflorescence of 1.2‐4 cm (vs. 10‐20 and 8‐20 cm in Z. crinita and Z. hebecarpa, respectively) and in the size of the plant (7‐16 cm vs. 20‐60 cm in Z. crinita and Z. hebecarpa), in addition to the black fruits with white hairs. A phylogenetic analysis using molecular data from the nuclear rDNA ITS gene region was performed to verify its position within the genus. Additionally, a survey of leaflet secretory structures and a micro-morphological analysis of fruit structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for the newly described species.
FIGURES 7-13 in Description of two new species of Rhamphus related to R. oxyacanthae (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Rhamphini) from Italy based on a morphological study supported by molecular data
FIGURES 7-13. Head in dorsal view. Tubercles (shadow) at antennal base in (7) Rhamphus oxyacanthae; (8) R. bavierai. Vertex of head (shadow) of (9) Rhamphus oxyacanthae (flat); (10) R. bavierai (moderately convex). Uncus of mesotibia of (11) Rhamphus oxyacanthae; (12) R. monzinii; (13) R. pulicarius.
FIGURES 14-21 in Description of two new species of Rhamphus related to R. oxyacanthae (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Rhamphini) from Italy based on a morphological study supported by molecular data
FIGURES 14-21. Antenna of (14) Rhamphus bavierai (scape included); (15) R. monzinii; arrows indicate the first segment of the funicle. Metafemur and metatarsus of (16) Rhamphus oxyacanthae; (17) R. bavierai; arrows indicate the first tarsomere. Penis of (18) Rhamphus oxyacanthae; (19) R. bavierai; (20) R. hampsicora; (21) R. monzinii.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.