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Figure 5 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 5. Mean number of barricades per burrow in Ilyoplax pusilla at six localities (bar indicates SD). Localities arranged according to latitude. Shared alphabetical letters indicate no significant difference (p.0.05) by Tukey's honestly significant difference test.

Figure 2 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 2. Cheliped path movement in Ilyoplax pusilla: circular type and vertical type. Arrows indicate wave path.

Figure 6 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 6. Parsimony network of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes of Ilyoplax pusilla. Haplotypes correspond to Table 5. Single solid line indicates one base. Circle size indicates number of each haplotype. Largest circle, n542; second largest, n514 or 15; third, n58; fourth, n54 or n55; fifth, n52; smallest circle, n51.

opennotspecifiedApr 2009View details →

Figure 3 in Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies

Figure 3. Photographs showing lateral views of the aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme in the four subspecies of Drosophila mojavensis. (A) D. m. mojavensis; (B) D. m. baja; (C) D. m. sonorensis; (D) D. m. wrigleyi.

opennotspecifiedApr 2009View details →

Figure 1 in Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies

Figure 1. Map showing approximate geographic distribution of the four subspecies of Drosophila mojavensis in southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico.?5unconfirmed subspecies at San Felipe, Baja California. Numbers show localities where flies used for laboratory cultures were collected: (1) Mojave; (2) Baja; (3) Sonora; (4) Catalina (see 'Materials and methods' for details).

Figure 1 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Ilyoplax pusilla in Japan (broken line) from Wada et al. (1992), and six localities studied.

Figure 4 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 4. Proportion of extended waves in 30 waving motions of Ilyoplax pusilla at six localities (bar indicates SD). Localities arranged according to latitude. Shared alphabetical letters indicate no significant difference (p.0.05) by Tukey's honestly significant difference test.

Figure 3 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 3. Maximum cheliped extension during waving movements in Ilyoplax pusilla: extended type and non-extended type.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2008View details →

Figure 1 in Genetic diversity of Atherina hepsetus (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae) populations as determined by RFLP analysis of three mtDNA regions

Figure 1. Sampling sites: Monastiraki (MON), Panagopoula (PAN), Kiparissi (KIP), Tinos (TIN), Naxos (NAX), Samos (SAM), Nissiros (NIS), Leipsi (LEI), Kos (KOS), Lesvos (MYT) and Evvoia (EVV).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2008View details →

Figure 3 in Genetic diversity of Atherina hepsetus (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae) populations as determined by RFLP analysis of three mtDNA regions

Figure 3. Dollo parsimony (Farris 1977) dendrogram showing the relationships between the 15 mtDNA haplotypes detected. Numbers indicate the bootstrap support (10,000 replicates) of each node of the majority-rule consensus tree.

Rooting out genetic structure of invasive wild pigs in Texas

Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa), also called feral swine or wild hogs, are recognized as among the most destructive invasive species in the world. Throughout the United States, invasive wild pigs have expanded rapidly over the past 30 years with populations now established in 38 states. Of the estimated 6.9 million wild pigs distributed throughout the United States, Texas supports approximately 40% of the population and similarly bears disproportionate ecological and economic costs. Genetic analyses are an effective tool for understanding invasion pathways and tracking dispersal of invasive species such as wild pigs and have been used recently in California and Florida, USA, which have similarly long-established populations and high densities of wild pigs. Our goals were to use molecular approaches to elucidate invasion and migration processes shaping wild pig populations throughout Texas, compare our results with patterns of genetic structure observed in California and Florida, and provide insights for effective management of this invasive species. We used a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to evaluate population genetic structure. Genetic clusters of wild pigs throughout Texas demonstrate 2 distinct patterns: weakly resolved, spatially dispersed clusters and well-resolved, spatially localized clusters. The disparity in patterns of genetic structure suggests disparate processes are differentially shaping wild pig populations in various localities throughout the state. Our results differed from the patterns of genetic structure observed in California and Florida, which were characterized by localized genetic clusters. These differences suggest distinct biological and perhaps anthropogenic processes are shaping genetic structure in Texas. Further, these disparities demonstrate the need for location-specific management strategies for controlling wild pig populations and mitigating associated ecological and economic costs.

Comparative genetics of Scyphozoan species reveals the geological history and contemporary processes of the Mediterranean Sea

Jellyfish are attractive biological indicators of shifts in the marine environment, as they have limited mobility and they are highly exposed to the physics and chemistry of the water column. For this study, we focused on three Mediterranean macro-jellyfish - Rhizostoma pulmo, Aurelia sp. and Phyllorhiza punctata. We used comparative genomics and molecular clock (timetree) approaches to estimate occurrences of past geological events and contemporary anthropogenic effects in the Mediterranean Sea. Our results proved that these events have left their mark on the genomes of marine jellyfish. Genomic data of R. pulmo revealed a divergence point between the East and West MS populations that occurred 4.59 Ma, after the Zanclean flood, suggesting that at this time these regions had formed the two distinct ecological environments we know today. We propose that before that time (4.59 Ma), the highly mixed Atlantic and Mediterranean waters led to the wide dispersal of different species in the MS, including the ancestral R. pulmo. At 4.59 Ma, a marine barrier between the Western and Eastern MS formed, indicating the possibility of a dramatic environmental event. The Central and Western MS showed signs of separation processes only at much later stages and at much slower rates. Using comparative genomics of the Aurelia species, we examined contemporary anthropogenic impacts with a focus on migration of scyphozoa across the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration). Aurelia sp. is among the few scyphozoa we find in both seas. DNA analysis revealed that the Red Sea Aurelia sp. is more related to the Pacific Ocean Aurelia sp. than to the Eastern MS Aurelia species, while the latter is closer to populations from Croatia and Slovenia. Therefore, we conclude that there was no Lessepsian migration of the Aurelia species. Data from P. punctata showed that this species was only recently introduced to the MS, as samples from the MS were closer to Australian populations while they were distant from Mexico and Thailand populations. The recent introduction of P. punctata, apparently, results from anthropogenic transportation activity, such as ballast water discharge, with a known migration vector from Australia to the MS. Our findings demonstrate that jellyfish genomes can be used as a phylogeographic molecular tool to trace back past events across large temporal scales and reveal invasive species introduction due to human activity.

Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro; lowland bamboo (Poaceae, Bambusinea) in Ethiopia: Genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow analysis

As one of the most important non-timber forest resources, a potential alternative to wood and wood product and fastest-growing plant in the world (91 cm (35 in) per day), bamboo is a member of the grass family (Poaceae) and constitutes a single subfamily Bambusoideae. 67% of total area of bamboo in Africa and 7% of world total is contributed by Ethiopia giving more than 1.44 million hectares. Silica gel dried young fresh leaves from 130 individuals of O. abyssinica were collected for DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Each of the PCR amplified ISSR fragments using 19 ISSR primers were used to study band pattern and heterozigosity, level of polymorphism, calculating marker efficiency, Nei`s (H) and Shannon (I) genetic diversity, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), analysis for cluster, principal coordinates (PCoA) and admixture results. High genetic variation at species level was observed with the percentage of the polymorphic loci (PPL) = 84.48%. The H, I, observed number of alleles (Na) and effective number of alleles (Ne) at species level was 0.2702, 0.4061, 1.8448, and 1.4744, respectively, showing a relatively high level of genetic diversity. However, the genetic differentiation at the population level was relatively low. AMOVA using grouped populations revealed that, most of the diversity was distributed within the populations (61.05%) with FST = 0.38949, FSC = 0.10486 and FCT = 0.31797. Cluster analysis grouped the populations into sharply distinct clusters, which could be attributed to cross pollination nature of the plant and long lived to the area. STRUCTURE analyses for all population and excluding Gambella population gives different result K = 2 and K = 11. Using these markers, we find strong evidence linking geographic origin of diversity and samples from Gambella Region found different from others and might tell the availability of additional bamboo species in the country.

Pollination ecology, specialization, and genetic isolation in sympatric bee pollinated Salvia (Lamiaceae)

Premise of research. Previous pollination ecology studies in Salvia have shown that there is low specialization to certain subgroups of bees and that pollinator number varies with species and locality. We studied twelve Salvia species (three clades with different corolla morphologies and staminal lever mechanisms) which in part co-occur and co-flower to examine pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms and the degree of specialization vs. generalization in pollination ecology. Methodology. Pollinators were identified using field observations, photos, and related literature across three sites in Turkey. Video documentation of the visitation rate and the site of pollen placement on the pollinator body, morphometric measurements between flowers and pollinators, flowering time, flower color, handling time, and stigma contact ratio were analyzed. Plant-pollinator networks were constructed. Pivotal results. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation occur among sympatric Salvia species. Morphological fit is evident between flower tube length and proboscis length of main pollinators. Pollinator networks indicate that most species are ecological generalists but only few are specialists. Conclusions. The twelve Salvia species, though phenotypically and functionally specialized due to their zygomorphic-bilabiate flowers and bee pollination syndrome, differ in the degree of ecological specialization. Most of the sympatric Salvia species tend to be ecologically generalized with two or more main pollinators and a few additional secondary pollinators, while a few Salvia species are clearly specialized. Some floral traits (e.g., flower color, morphology, size, corolla tube length and width of corolla tube entrance, type and size of the staminal lever mechanism, small numbers of flowers in the inflorescence), short flowering time, and small population size appear correlated to the degree of ecological specialization.

Sexual selection and the population genetics of a selfish gene

The segregation distorter allele (SD) found in Drosophila melanogaster distorts Medelian inheritance in heterozygous males by causing developmental failure of non-SD spermatids, such that >90% of the surviving sperm carry SD. This within-individual advantage should cause SD to rapidly fix, and yet SD is typically rare in wild populations. Here, we explore whether this paradox can be resolved by sexual selection, by testing if males carrying three different variants of SD suffer reduced pre or postcopulatory reproductive success. We find that males carrying the SD allele are just as successful at securing matings as control males, but that one SD variant (SD-5) reduces sperm competitive ability and increases the likelihood of female remating. We then used these results to inform a theoretical model; we found that sexual selection could limit SD to the frequencies observed in nature when sperm competitive ability and female remating rate equalled the values observed for SD-5. However, sexual selection was unable to explain natural frequencies of the SD allele when the model was parameterized with the values found for two other SD variants, indicating that sexual selection alone is unlikely to explain the rarity of SD.

opennotspecifiedApr 2012View details →

FIGURE 4 in Genetic and shell-shape analyses of Orlitia borneensis (Testudines: Geoemydidae) reveal limited divergence among founders of the European zoo population

FIGURE 4. PCA for plastron shape. Specimens are marked according to haplotype group. A—haplotype group 1, B—group 2, C—group 3, D—haplotype 61, U—unknown. The first axis PC1 explains 29.79% and second axis PC2 explains 14.14% of the total variance in the shapes.

opennotspecifiedApr 2012View details →

FIGURE 3 in Genetic and shell-shape analyses of Orlitia borneensis (Testudines: Geoemydidae) reveal limited divergence among founders of the European zoo population

FIGURE 3. Bayesian skyline plot demonstrating changes in effective population size in Orlitia borneensis based on mitochondrial data. Thick solid line represents median of the estimate, borders of grey area delineate the highest 95% posterior density interval.

opennotspecifiedApr 2012View details →

FIGURE 2 in Genetic and shell-shape analyses of Orlitia borneensis (Testudines: Geoemydidae) reveal limited divergence among founders of the European zoo population

FIGURE 2. Median-joining network indicating relationships among haplotypes of Orlitia borneensis based on cytochrome b sequences. Haplotypes are denoted as circles, their size is proportional to number of individuals carrying respective haplotype. Numbers at branches represent numbers of mutational steps (displayed for n> 1). Three main haplogroups are marked by ovals.

Contemporary genetic structure affects genetic stock identification of steelhead trout in the Snake River basin

Genetic stock identification is a widely applied tool for the mixed-stock management of salmonid species throughout the North Pacific Rim. The effectiveness of genetic stock identification is dependent on the level of differentiation among stocks which is often high due to the life history of these species that involves high homing fidelity to their natal streams. However, the utility of this tool can be reduced when natural genetic structuring has been altered by hatchery translocation and/or supplementation. We examined the genetic population structure of ESA-listed steelhead in the Snake River basin of the United States. We analyzed 9,613 natural-origin adult steelhead returning to Passive Integrated Transponder detection sites throughout the basin from 2010 through 2017. Individuals were genotyped at 180 single nucleotide polymorphic genetic markers and grouped into 20 populations based on their return location. While we expected to observe a common pattern of hierarchical genetic structuring due to isolation by distance, we observed low genetic differentiation between populations in the upper Salmon River basin compared to geographically distant populations in the lower Snake River basin. These results were consistent with lower genetic stock assignment probabilities observed for populations in this upper basin. We attribute these patterns of reduced genetic structure to the translocation of lower basin steelhead stocks and ongoing hatchery programs in the upper Salmon River basin. We discuss the implications of these findings on the utility of genetic stock identification in the basin and discuss opportunities for increasing assignment probabilities in the face of low genetic structure.