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Supplementary material 1 from: Hogendoorn K, Stevens M, Leijs R (2015) DNA barcoding of euryglossine bees and the description of new species of Euhesma Michener (Hymenoptera, Colletidae, Euryglossinae). ZooKeys 520: 41-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.6185
Type localities of new species: Explanation note: localities where type specimens where caught.
Supplementary material 1 from: Moratelli R, Dias D (2015) A new species of nectar-feeding bat, genus Lonchophylla, from the Caatinga of Brazil (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). ZooKeys 514: 73-91. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.514.10013
Occurrence localities for Bolivian and Brazilian species of Lonchophylla:
Supplementary material 1 from: Mesibov R (2015) Redescription of Brochopeltis mjoebergi Verhoeff, 1924 and description of a second Brochopeltis species from Australia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). ZooKeys 504: 59-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.9811
Specimen records: Explanation note: Specimen records of Brochopeltis species as of 15 April 2015.
Supplementary material 2 from: Mally R, Korycinska A, Agassiz DJL, Hall J, Hodgetts J, Nuss M (2015) Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). ZooKeys 472: 117-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781
Overview of barcoded specimens.:
Supplementary material 1 from: Fernandez-Triana J, Janzen D, Hallwachs W, Whitfield J, Smith M, Kula R (2014) Revision of the genus Pseudapanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), with emphasis on the species in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica. ZooKeys 446: 1-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.446.8195
BOLD TaxonID Tree: Explanation note: K2P of Pseudapanteles sequences.
Figure 5 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 5 - Flexible syntax, prepositions, adjectives, verb tenses, and other common elements of grammar, all facilitate the human ability to communicate an infinite number of novel images with the use of a finite number of words. The graph shows the number of distinct images that can be transmitted with high fidelity in a communication system with 1,000 nouns as a function of the number of spatial prepositions. In a communication system with no spatial prepositions and other recursive elements, 1000 nouns can communicate 1000 images to a listener. Adding just one spatial preposition allows for the formation of three-word phrases (such as: 'a bowl behind a cup' or 'a cup behind a bowl') and increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to a listener from 1000 to one million (1000x1x1000). Adding a second spatial preposition and allowing for five-word sentences of the form object-preposition-object-preposition-object (such as: a bowl on a cup behind a plate) increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to four billion (1000x2x1000x2x1000). The addition of a third spatial preposition increases the number of distinct images to 27 trillion (1000x3x1000x3x1000x3x1000), and so on. In general, the number of distinct images communicated by three-word sentences of the structure object-preposition-object equals the number of object-words times the number of prepositions times the number of object-words. A typical language with 1000 nouns and 100 spatial prepositions can theoretically communicate 1000101 x 100100 distinct images. This number is significantly greater than the total number of atoms in the universe. For all practical purposes, an infinite number of distinct images can be communicated by a syntactic communication system with just 1000 words and a few prepositions. Prepositions, adjectives, and verb tenses dramatically facilitate the capacity of a syntactic communication system with a finite number of words to communicate an infinite number of distinct images. Linguists refer to this property of human languages as recursion. The "infiniteness" of human language has been explicitly recognized by "Galileo, Descartes, and the 17th-century 'philosophical grammarians' and their successors, notably von Humboldt" (Hauser et al. 2002). The infiniteness of all human languages stand in stark contrast to finite homesign communication systems that are lacking spatial prepositions, syntax, and other recursive elements of a formal sign language.
Figures 1-5 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figures 1-5 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov. female holotype: (1) habitus, dorsal view; (2) idem, ventral view; (3) idem, lateral view; (4) head, pro- and mesothorax, lateral view; (5) apex of abdomen, lateral view. All photos are a courtesy of Paul D. Brock and all copyrights belong to the Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität Hamburg (ZMUH).
Figure 4 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 4 - Synchronicity has to be understood in terms of synchronicity of the arrival of action potentials to a target neuron rather than absolute equality of action potential conduction times over different paths. Consider the following example: suppose neuron A is receiving excitatory input from neurons B and C via two different pathways (neuron A is the target neuron for both neurons B and C). Suppose that the action potential conduction time is 2ms from neuron B to neuron A and 22ms from neuron C to neuron A (i.e., the axonal pathway B-A has a significantly shorter conduction time than the axonal pathway C-A). Does it mean that the connections B-A and C-A are always asynchronous? No. The answer depends on the predominant neural activity rhythm in this network. At the firing rate of 50Hz (inter-spike interval of 20ms that correspond to Gamma rhythm), neurons B and C can actually be considered synchronous in relationship to neuron A: consider a train of action potentials synchronously fired by neurons B and C. The first action potential from neuron B will reach neuron A in 2ms and the first action potential from neuron C will reach neuron A in 22ms. Obviously, there would be no coincidence in the arrival times of the 1st action potentials from neurons B and C. However the second action potential from neuron B will arrive to neuron A in 22ms, concurrently with the 1st action potential from neuron C. Thus, starting with the second action potential, neuron A will receive synchronous activation from neurons B and C. The synchronous activation has a significantly greater probability of enhancing synaptic connections between neurons A and B, and A and C (Hebbian learning: 'neurons that fire together, wire together' (Hebb 1949). Thus, synchronicity does not need to imply absolute equality in the conduction time over different pathways. Rather synchronicity implies near-zero phase-shift between the two firing trains of action potentials at the postsynaptic cells. This phase-shift depends on conduction times over each pathway and also on the dominant firing frequency in the neural network.
Figures 19-24 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figures 19-24 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov., male – specimen used: Parnamirim, Barreira do Inferno. 01.v.2016: (19) habitus, dorsal view; (20) idem, lateral view; (21) idem, ventral view; (22) apex of abdomen, dorsal view; (23) idem, lateral view; (24) idem, ventral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figures 25-29 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figures 25-29 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov., male terminalia and genitalia – specimen used: Parnamirim, Barreira do Inferno. 01.v.2016: (25) apex of terga, ventral view; (26) Apex of abdomen with genitalia, right lateral view; (27) idem, left lateral view; (28) genitalia, left dorsolateral view; (29) idem, right dorsolateral view. Scale bars: 25, 28, 29 = 0.5 mm, 26, 27 = 1.0 mm.
Figure 2 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 2 - A typical question testing subject's ability to mentally rotate an object is shown here as a 2x2 matrix with six answer choices displayed below the problem. The top row of the matrix indicates the rule: "the object in the right column is the result of 45° clockwise rotation." Applying this rule to the bottom row, we arrive at the correct answer depicted on the right.
Figure 1 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 1 - Visual information processing in the cortex. From the primary visual cortex (V1, shown in yellow), the visual information is passed in two streams. The neurons along the ventral stream also known as the ventral visual cortex (shown in purple) are primarily concerned with what the object is. The ventral visual stream runs into the inferior temporal lobe. The neurons along the dorsal stream also known the dorsal visual cortex (shown in green) are primarily concerned with where the object is. The dorsal visual stream runs into the parietal lobe.
Figure 3 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 3 - Linguistic isolates performance in verbal and nonverbal tests. This Figure is also available as a Power Point slide in Suppl. material 1.
Figure 30 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figure 30 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov., mating couple. Photo is a courtesy of Willianilson Pessoa.
Figures 6-12 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figures 6-12 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov.: (6) male head, pro- and mesothorax, lateral view; (7) female pro- and mesothorax, dorsal view; (8) female meso-, metathorax and wings, lateral view; (9) female metathorax, ventral view; (10) female sternite 2, ventral view; (11) male metathorax, ventral view; (7) male sternite 2, ventral view. Scale bars: 6, 11, 12 = 2.0 mm, 7–10 = 2.5 mm.
Figures 13-18 from: Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA (2017) Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476
Figures 13-18 - Malacomorpha cancellata comb. nov., female and specimen label: (13) habitus, dorsal view; (14) idem, lateral view; (15) idem, ventral view; (16) apex of abdomen, lateral view; (17) idem, ventral view; (18) specimen label. Scale bars: 13–15 = 5 mm, 16, 17 = 1 mm, 18 = 2 mm.
Figure 7 from: Steeman R, Vanreusel W, Barendse R, Verloove F, Wysmantel N, Van den Bussche W, Gyselinck T, Hendrickx P, Zwaenepoel A, Van Vooren P, Jacobs S, Desmet P, Gielen K, Herremans M, Swinnen K, all plant working groups and plant observers (2017) Waarnemingen.be – Plant occurrences in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. PhytoKeys 85: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.85.14925
Figure 7 - Frequency distribution of observers per number of observations (left) or species (right). Note the difference between the x-axis in the left and right y-axis.
Figure 6 from: Steeman R, Vanreusel W, Barendse R, Verloove F, Wysmantel N, Van den Bussche W, Gyselinck T, Hendrickx P, Zwaenepoel A, Van Vooren P, Jacobs S, Desmet P, Gielen K, Herremans M, Swinnen K, all plant working groups and plant observers (2017) Waarnemingen.be – Plant occurrences in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. PhytoKeys 85: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.85.14925
Figure 6 - Number of collected records between 1855 and 2000 (left) and between 2001 and 2016 (right). Each number on the left x-axis is a period of 10 year (e.g., 1910 = 1901–1910, etc.). Note the difference between the scales on the y-axis between the left and right figures and the strong increase in smartphone registration of records since the launch of an app (ObsMapp for Android) in 2012.
Figure 2 from: Steeman R, Vanreusel W, Barendse R, Verloove F, Wysmantel N, Van den Bussche W, Gyselinck T, Hendrickx P, Zwaenepoel A, Van Vooren P, Jacobs S, Desmet P, Gielen K, Herremans M, Swinnen K, all plant working groups and plant observers (2017) Waarnemingen.be – Plant occurrences in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. PhytoKeys 85: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.85.14925
Figure 2 - Location of Belgium within Europe (left) and the three administrative regions in Belgium (yellow = Flanders, black = Brussels Capital Region, red = Wallonia)
Figure 3 from: Mesibov R (2017) A new and unusual species of Amastigogonus Brölemann, 1913 from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Iulomorphidae). ZooKeys 687: 45-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.687.14872
Figure 3 - Outline maps of Australia and Tasmania, and topographic map of part of the east coast of Tasmania showing Schouten and Tasman Islands. Mercator projections; topographic basemap from the Land Information Service Tasmania (LIST), copyright State of Tasmania, used with permission.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.