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FIGURE 3 in Genetic differentiation in the nearly extinct harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus), with emphasis on the Andean Atelopus ignescens and A. bomolochos species complexes
FIGURE 3. Distribution of the species of Atelopus included in this study and proposed biogeographic barriers(rivers and valleys).
FIGURE 3 in Global genetic homogeneity in the deep-sea foraminiferan Epistominella exigua (Rotaliida: Pseudoparrellidae)*
FIGURE 3. ITS sequences network performed by TCS software: schema of genetic relationships between each haplotype (1 node represents a difference of 1 nucleotide or indel). Geographic origin of haplotypes is indicated by the color of the boxes: yellow for Pacific, red for Antarctic, blue for Arctic and green for North Atlantic.
FIGURE 2 in Global genetic homogeneity in the deep-sea foraminiferan Epistominella exigua (Rotaliida: Pseudoparrellidae)*
FIGURE 2. In Background. Map with position of Epistominella exigua sampling sites (red anchors for Antarctic, green for Atlantic, blue for Arctic and yellow for Pacific). In Foreground. E. exigua ITS rDNA sequence divergences. Minimum and maximum values of divergences within each geographic population (DiP) as well as maximum values of intraspecimen divergences (DiS) are indicated in color according the sampling sites. Minimum and maximum values of divergences between each geographic population (DIP) are indicated above black arrows. Inset. Epistominella exigua specimen collected off Japan.
FIGURE 1 in Global genetic homogeneity in the deep-sea foraminiferan Epistominella exigua (Rotaliida: Pseudoparrellidae)*
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree inferred from SSU rDNA sequences showing the position of E. exigua among other Epistominella species and the lack of differentiation between populations of E, exigua from different regions. This tree has been obtained using the ML method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The support values at internal nodes correspond to ML (left) and Bayesian (right) analyses. Only values over 50% were indicated. Within the genus Epistominella, first letters of the Epistominella sequence names indicate their geographical origin (ARK: Arctic, WED: Weddell Sea, ATL: North Atlantic, P: Pacific, McM: Mc Murdo Sound, USH: Ushuaia, KG: King George Island) and colour indicates a range of depths (purple: 0-200 m; green: 200–1200 m; dark blue:>1200 m). New sequences are indicated by a star (*).
FIGURE 1 in Experimental population genetics in insects: inheritance of ISSR-PCR bands in an artificial population
FIGURE 1. The NJ trees of the 0/1 matrices of the ISSR-PCR fingerprints. Numbers at internal branches indicate bootstrap support for the five families, if>50%.
Fig. 3 in Genetic Control of Color Polymorphism in the Stag Beetle Cyclommatus metallifer Boisduval (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)
Fig. 3. Morphological trait comparisons between gold (Gg) and black (gg) males of Cyclommatus metallifer finae. A) Comparison of pupal body weight, error bars indicate standard deviation, B) Scaling relationship between mandibular length and prothoracic width, C) Scaling relationship between elytral length and prothoracic width. There were no significant differences in morphological traits between the gold and black males.
Figure 7 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 7. Box plots of important song duration variables in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (eight individuals) and Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (22 individuals), and of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) between 18 song variables for a 23– 28 °C perch temperature range; ED, echeme durations; FP, first echeme part; IED, inter-echeme durations; SP, second echeme part.
Figure 8 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 8. Echemes of phrase 3 in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (△) and Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (◆). A, duration of echemes as a function of perch temperature, with linear regression trend lines and standard errors (grey areas). B, box plot of the number of syllables per echeme given as mean values of 20 echemes for each individual. C–F, oscillograms (time versus amplitude) close to the linear regression trend lines of (A): C, C. sibillae sp. nov. at 23 °C perch temperature (with measured duration terms, Northern Apenninian metapopulation); D, C. sibillae sp. nov. at 28 °C (Western Alpine metapopulation); E, C. cerdaniensis s.str. at 23 °C (Eastern Pyrenees); F, C. cerdaniensis s.str. at 28 °C (Eastern Pyrenees).
Figure 9 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 9. Distribution map of the species of the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group (15 × 15-km2 grid cells). Notes: cells recently checked in the framework of the Swiss and Italian projects of the first author without detection of a taxon of this group are brownish. The Cicadetta cantilatrix distribution range is not completely visible. Published records of Cicadetta cantilatrix by Sueur & Puissant (2007), Trilar & Holzinger (2004), Hertach (2007), Brua & Hugel (2008), Trilar & Gogala (2012), and Hertach & Nagel (2013).
Figure 11 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 11. Relative portions from the northern simpler to the southern more complex song patterns in phrase 3, including the southern Italian contact zones from Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. to Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov., and from Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. to Cicadetta anapaistica anapaistica. The size of the circles is in proportion to the phrases counted (nmax = 111, nmin = 5), with a maximum of ten per specimen. Sibi_norm (C. sibillae sp. nov., no variability), 100% single (ungrouped) echemes; luca_simp (simplified C. a. lucana ssp. nov.),>50% single (ungrouped) echemes, <50% grouped double short echemes; luca_norm (normal C. a. lucana ssp. nov.),>50% grouped double short echemes; luca_comp (complicated C. a. lucana ssp. nov.), more than two short echemes per group occurring; anap_simp (simplified C. a. anapaistica), <50% of groups with final longer faint echemes; anap_norm (normal C. a. anapaistica),>50% of groups with final longer faint echemes and double short echemes; anap_comp (complicated C. a. anapaistica),>50% of groups with more than two short echemes and final longer faint echemes. Note: all populations north of the illustrations have the typical C. sibillae sp. nov. pattern, without exception (orange).
Figure 6 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 6. Oscillograms (time versus amplitude) of typical calling songs in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis group (20-s sections of different phrases on the left, 2-s sections of phrase 2 on the right, with terms of variables): A, Cicadetta cantilatrix (phrases 2–1, Basel-Land, Switzerland); B, Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (phrases 1–3–1–2, Eastern Pyrenees, France); C, Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (phrases 2–3–2, Tuscany, Italy); D, Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. (phrases 2– 3–2, Basilicata, Italy); E, Cicadetta anapaistica anapaistica (phrases 2–3–2, Calabria, Italy); F, Cicadetta brevipennis song pattern for comparison. Triangles indicating the beginning of the phrases: ▲, typically clear transitions, with phrase 3 involved; △, smooth transitions between phrases 1 and 2. For more details of phrase 3, see Figures 8C–F and 11.
Figure 5 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 5. Morphometry of Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. and Cicadetta anapaistica: box plots of some significant but not diagnostic differences in sizes and ratios.
Figure 4. A in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 4. A, Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. type series with holotype specimen (above) and female paratype (below). B, Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. type series with holotype specimen (above), light morph paratype (centre), and female paratype (below). Basal junction of anal veins (red line) dark in C. sibillae sp. nov. (C, D) and light in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (E, F). Males of (D) C. sibillae sp. nov., (F) C. cerdaniensis s.str., and (H) C. a. lucana ssp. nov. in natural conditions. G, dorsofrontal view of head and pronotum in (dried) light morph paratype of C. a. lucana ssp. nov.
Figure 2 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 2. Chorological pattern of seven undetermined metapopulations in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group and distribution areas of described species in Southern Europe. Preliminary classifications with informal names according to qualitative song patterns. Map with locations of analysed data: G, genetics; M, morphology; s, some key variables of the song analysed; S, detailed song analyses (recordings between 23 °C and 28 °C perch temperature only).
Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII) mitochondrial DNA concatenated phylogeny of the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group. Maximum-likelihood (ML, GARLI) phylogenies are shown with ML branch lengths (box on the left) and ML bootstrap support. Nodes with less than 50% bootstrap support have been collapsed. Cicadetta fangoana was selected as the out-group taxon; taxa colours correspond to Figure 9. Specimen names include two-letter country codes followed by species or informal names (later in this study: 'cerdaniensis'-like = Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov., 'intermediate' = Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov.). Specimen identification numbers are congruent with the type series for undescribed taxa. Cicadetta cantilatrix specimens originate from Switzerland, France, Poland, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Type localities of Cicadetta cantilatrix, Cicadetta cerdaniensis, and Cicadetta anapaistica are included.
Figure 1 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 1. Timbal movement types in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group demonstrated in oscillograms (time versus amplitude): A, alternating type, with four signals per syllable; B, synchronous, with two signals per syllable visible (or one timbal not active/destroyed); and C, halfsynchronous, with three signals of variable amplitude visible. Grey bars indicate the duration of one syllable (complete group of buckling inwards and restoration for both timbals).
FIGURE 24 in Integrative taxonomy of Malagasy treefrogs: combination of molecular genetics, bioacoustics and comparative morphology reveals twelve additional species of Boophis 2383
FIGURE 24. Spectrogram and waveform of advertisement calls of: (A) Boophis miadana sp. nov. from Andohahela National Park, 1550 m a.s.l. (recorded on 26 January 2005, air temperature app. 17.6°C); (B) Boophis haingana sp. nov. from Andohahela National Park, low altitude (recorded on 3 February 2004, air temperature app. 23.2°C).
FIGURE 15 in Integrative taxonomy of Malagasy treefrogs: combination of molecular genetics, bioacoustics and comparative morphology reveals twelve additional species of Boophis 2383
FIGURE 15. Spectrograms and waveforms of calls: (A) call type 1 of Boophis obscurus from near Vohiparara, Ranomafana National Park (recorded on 29 January 2004, air temperature app. 20.5°C); (B) advertisement call of Boophis periegetes from Andohahela National Park (recorded on 27 January 2005, air temperature app. 18°C)
Using niche centrality within the scope of the nearly neutral theory of evolution to predict genetic diversity in a tropical conifer species-pair
<p><b>Aim:</b> Estimating genetic diversity is key for understanging biogeographic and evolutionary processes. However, gathering genetic information is not feasible for all taxa or populations, particularly in the tropical regions. Identifying proxies for inferring such values has thus become essential. Here, we built on the niche centrality hypothesis (NCH; or central-abundance hypothesis) and the nearly neutral theory of evolution (NNT) to identify some of such proxies using a montane tropical conifer species-pair as model. The NCH predicts more genetic diversity under optimal ecological conditions, which should also allow for more efficient purifying selection, according to the NNT.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> The Transmexican Volcanic Belt, central Mexico.</p> <p><b>Taxa:</b> A fir species-pair endemic to central Mexico,<b> </b><i>Abies flinckii </i>and<i> A. religiosa.</i></p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We estimated patterns of genetic diversity from nuclear SSRs (<i>A</i>, <i>H</i><sub>E</sub>), and gene-coding sequences (<i>π</i><sub>S</sub>, <i>π</i><sub>N</sub>), together with the efficacy of purifying selection, measured as <i>π</i><sub>N</sub>/<i>π</i><sub>S</sub>. After testing for niche overlap, we used several geographic and ecological proxies (i.e. longitude, latitude, elevation, estimated area, and distance to the niche centroid in the present and in the LGM) to predict genetic diversity and <i>π</i><sub>N</sub>/<i>π</i><sub>S</sub> using general linear models.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Populations at the west of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) had lower genetic diversity than populations in the east of this mountain chain. Both species had significant niche overlap. The principal predictors for neutral genetic diversity (<i>H</i><sub>E</sub>, <i>A</i> and <i>π</i><sub>S</sub>) were longitude and latitude, followed by the current distance to the niche centroid; the efficiency of purifying selection was mostly accounted for by the current distance to the niche centroid (which was also correlated to elevation). No correlation was observed between genetic diversity or <i>π</i><sub>N</sub>/<i>π</i><sub>S</sub> and current population area.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Historical and ecological factors have to be taken into account for explaining the amounts of genetic diversity in mountain tropical species. Following the NTT, populations closer to the niche centroid are more efficient at eliminating slightly deleterious mutations than marginal stands, independently of their size or geographical location (longitude). Expanding the central-abundance theory within the scope of the NTT might help reconciling conflicting views concerning the extent of its empirical support.</p>
Data from: Colour ornamentation in the blue tit: quantitative genetic (co)variances across sexes
Although secondary sexual traits are commonly more developed in males than females, in many animal species females also display elaborate ornaments or weaponry. Indirect selection on correlated traits in males and/or direct sexual or social selection in females are hypothesized to drive the evolution and maintenance of female ornaments. Yet, the relative roles of these evolutionary processes remain unidentified, because little is known about the genetic correlation that might exist between the ornaments of both sexes, and few estimates of sex-specific autosomal or sex-linked genetic variances are available. In this study, we used two wild blue tit populations with 9 years of measurements on two colour ornaments: one structurally based (blue crown) and one carotenoid based (yellow chest). We found significant autosomal heritability for the chromatic part of the structurally based colouration in both sexes, whereas carotenoid chroma was heritable only in males, and the achromatic part of both colour patches was mostly non heritable. Power limitations, which are probably common among most data sets collected so far in wild populations, prevented estimation of sex-linked genetic variance. Bivariate analyses revealed very strong cross-sex genetic correlations in all heritable traits, although the strength of these correlations was not related to the level of sexual dimorphism. In total, our results suggest that males and females share a majority of their genetic variation underlying colour ornamentation, and hence the evolution of these sex-specific traits may depend greatly on correlated responses to selection in the opposite sex.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.