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9,882 results for “Scale”
Focusing on individual plants to understand community scale biodiversity effects: the case of root distribution in grasslands
<p>Spatial resource partitioning between species via differences in rooting depth is one of the main explanations for the positive biodiversity-productivity relationship. However, evidence for the importance of this mechanism is limited. This may be due to the community scale at which these interactions are often investigated. Community measures represent net outcomes of species interactions and may obscure the mechanisms underlying belowground interactions.</p> <p>Here, we assess the performance of ~1700 individual plants and their heterospecific neighbours over three growing seasons in experimental grassland plots containing one, four or 16 different plant species and tested whether their performance in mixtures compared to monocultures was related to their own rooting depth vs. the rooting depth of their heterospecific neighbours.</p> <p>Overall, individuals of deep-rooting species performed better in mixtures and this effect significantly increased when surrounded by more shallow-rooting species. This effect was not apparent for the shallow rooting species. Together, including both deep and shallow rooting species increased mixture performance.</p> <p>Our results show that taking the perspective of the individual rather than the community can elucidate the interactions between species that contribute to positive biodiversity effects, emphasizing the need for studies at different scales to disentangle the myriad interactions that take place in diverse communities.</p>
Systematic dissection of transcriptional regulatory networks by genome-scale and single-cell CRISPR screens
Millions of putative transcriptional regulatory elements (TREs) have been cataloged in the human genome, yet their functional relevance in specific pathophysiological settings remains to be determined. This is critical to understand how oncogenic transcription factors (TFs) engage specific TREs to impose transcriptional programs underlying malignant phenotypes. Here, we combine cutting edge CRISPR screens and epigenomic profiling to functionally survey ≈15,000 TREs engaged by estrogen receptor (ER). We show that ER exerts its oncogenic role in breast cancer by engaging TREs enriched in GATA3, TFAP2C, and H3K27Ac signal. These TREs control critical downstream TFs, among which TFAP2C plays an essential role in ER-driven cell proliferation. Together, our work reveals novel insights into a critical oncogenic transcription program and provides a framework to map regulatory networks, enabling to dissect the function of the noncoding genome of cancer cells.
FIGURE. Morphological diversity of flowers and leaves in New Zealand spider orchids (Corybas). Labellum (A: C. hypogaeus, B: C. macranthus, C: C. papa); dorsal sepal (D: C. hypogaeus, E: C. confusus, F: C. papillosus), leaf (G: C. hypogaeus, H: "trotters", I: C. confusus, J: C. orbiculatus, K: C. acuminatus). Scale bar = 5 mm in Five new species of Corybas (Diurideae, Orchidaceae) endemic to New Zealand and phylogeny of the Nematoceras clade
FIGURE. Morphological diversity of flowers and leaves in New Zealand spider orchids (Corybas). Labellum (A: C. hypogaeus, B: C. macranthus, C: C. papa); dorsal sepal (D: C. hypogaeus, E: C. confusus, F: C. papillosus), leaf (G: C. hypogaeus, H: "trotters", I: C. confusus, J: C. orbiculatus, K: C. acuminatus). Scale bar = 5 mm
Agriculture causes homogenization of plant-feeding nematode communities at the regional scale
<p>1. An emerging research line in conservation ecology addresses how environmental change drivers may cause the biotic homogenization of ecological communities by shifts in species diversity and community composition. While the drivers have been explored in unmanaged ecosystems and managed agricultural systems, this issue has received limited attention in regards to a key soil bioindicator organisms, soil nematodes.<br> <br> 2. In this study, we evaluated the effect of land-use change and intensification on the diversity of plant-feeding nematodes (PFN) thought taxonomic and functional measures of alpha and beta diversity. We selected olive tree farms in southern Spain as the study system, given the wide distribution of wild forms in unmanaged systems and cultivated forms in agricultural systems, thus providing the opportunity to assess the effects of land use intensity.<br> <br> 3. Notably, our study revealed that the conversion from natural to agricultural systems and even moderate increases in land-use intensity caused a significant biotic homogenization by enhancing the functional similarities of PFN communities. Our study emphasizes the key role of body size in structuring nematode communities in response to land-use type and intensity. <br> <br> 4. Synthesis and applications. The importance of soil nematodes in soil processes is well known. We show that land use intensification reduces soil nematode diversity. Our study has important implications for the development of management strategies that foster soil biodiversity conservation such as no or minimal tillage and logging, vegetative covers and the maintenance of natural habitat.</p>
FIGURE 26 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 26. Eriococcidae, ovaticoccine form; adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 19, Fig. 16), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note submarginal zone without dense band of macrotubular ducts; microtubular ducts present; hind legs often with translucent pores; and anal lobes not well developed or sclerotised.
FIGURE 25 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 25. Eriococcidae, eriococcine form; adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 20, Fig. 17), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note submarginal zone without dense band of macrotubular ducts; microtubular ducts present; hind legs often with translucent pores; anal lobes prominent and sclerotised; derm without papillae. Hosts various but not on palms.
FIGURE 23 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 23. Kermesidae in part, adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 9, Fig. 6), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note dense submarginal zone of macrotubular ducts with inner ends strongly cupped; anal lobes absent or poorly developed; legs absent or vestigial; antenna with only 1 segment; dorsum of head without large ocellar spots; disc pores, if present, with no more than 5 loculi. Almost always on Fagaceae.
FIGURE 22 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 22. Phoenicococcidae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 16, Fig. 13), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note derm covered in dermal papillae especially around margins; tubular ducts each divided lengthwise by a septum, so appearing 8-shaped in cross section; anal ring simple, with 0‒2 setae and no pores; and posterior abdominal segments distinct, not fused into a pygidium-like structure. On palms only.
FIGURE 21 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 21. Diaspididae adult female morphology, from Williams & Watson (1988: 12, Fig. 3), © CABI, Wallingford, U.K. Note abdomen with posterior abdominal segments fused into a sclerotised pygidium with dorsal ducts; pygidial margin with lobes, plates and / or gland spines; 1-segmented antenna; legs absent or vestigial; and disc pores each with no more than 5 loculi. The insects usually form a detachable scale cover incorporating exuviae of previous instars unless the adult female is pupillarial.
FIGURE 20 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 20. Halimococcidae adult and second-instar female morphology, from the illustration by G.F. Ferris in Zimmerman (1948: 431, Fig. 236). In the pupillarial adult, abdomen with posterior abdominal segments fused into a pygidium or pygidiumlike structure without dorsal ducts, and its margin without lobes, plates or gland-spines; and second-instar nymph with a hinged flap (operculum) surrounded by a sclerotised rim, this also present in test covering adult female. Legs absent; antenna only 1 segmented; dorsum of head without large ocellar spots. Detachable scale cover absent. On palms or Pandanus only.
FIGURE 19 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 19. Conchaspididae adult female morphology, from Mamet (1954: 212 Fig. 8), reproduced with permission from The Royal Entomological Society, St Albans, U.K. Note legs usually present; antenna with 3–5 segments; a pair of dorsal ocellar spots on head; sclerotised pseudopygidium without dorsal ducts; and disc pores each with more than 7 loculi, loculi often forming a flower- or star-like pattern. Scale cover not containing exuviae of previous instars.
FIGURE 17 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 17. Lecanodiaspididae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 12, Fig. 9), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note antenna with 7‒9 segments; derm around antennal base without associated quinquelocular pores; venter of abdomen with transverse rows of multilocular pores only (no 8-shaped pores, although they are present elsewhere); and anal plates forming a butterfly shape, plus a small arched plate usually present more anteriorly. Additional diagnostic features are labelled on the illustration.
FIGURE 10 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 10. Kerriidae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 6, Fig. 3), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. BP. Brachial plate. Note anterior thoracic spiracle much larger than posterior one; anal tubercle with anal opening surrounded by fimbriations, lobes and setae (in this case, setae); dorsum of thorax with a pair of brachia, each bearing a brachial plate, and presence of a large dorsal spine medially on abdomen. Body covered in a hard waxy test.
FIGURE 1 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 1. Margarodidae adult female morphology, from Foldi (2005a: 99, Fig. 8), reproduced with permission from the Société entomologique de France. A. Enlarged anterior leg for digging; B. Abdominal spiracle; note the absence of mouthparts.
FIGURE 2 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 2. Ortheziidae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 4 Fig. 1), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note the spine on the antenna tip; presence of abdominal spiracles; ovisac band formed of spines, and sclerotised anal ring with six setae.
FIGURE 13 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 13. Micrococcidae adult female morphology, from Miller & Williams (1995; 219, Fig. VII). Note 3-segmented antenna (A); vulva on abdominal segment VI (B); paired anal plates with inner margins not contiguous (C), and tubular ducts with cup-shaped inner ends (D).
FIGURE 16 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 16. Cerococcidae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 11 Fig. 8), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note 1- or 2-segmented antenna; derm around antennal base with a group of quinquelocular pores; venter of abdomen with transverse rows of 8-shaped and multilocular pores; and anal plate approximately triangular or shield-like.
FIGURE 5 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 5. Kuwaniidae adult female morphology, modified from Gill (1993: 54, Fig. 20), © California Department of Food & Agriculture. Note ventral apex of tibia with numerous capitate setae (A); abdominal spiracle with pores in the atrium (B); coxa normal, not divided vertically (C); distal end of tibia with numerous capitate setae; tarsus one segmented; claw with one or more denticles; and antennal bases close together.
FIGURE 9 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 9. Rhizoecidae adult female morphology, from Williams (2004: 755, Fig. 338), © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. A. Antenna usually geniculate, with no more than 6 segments; B. Bitubular cerore (tritubular in some species); C. Circulus. Note that each circulus is often raised on a sclerotised cone (see sclerotization encircling each circulus in the FIGURE); also the absence of cerarii, and of translucent pores from the hind legs.
FIGURE 4 in Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families
FIGURE 4. Matsucoccidae adult female morphology, from Gill (1993: 56, Fig. 22), © California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. Note coxa appears to be divided vertically; 2-segmented tarsus, proximal segment very short; claw without a denticle; ventral apex of tibia with stout, acute setae (A); and abdominal spiracles without pores in atria.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.