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Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2015.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2015. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2016.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2016. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in replicate quadrats (8 in creekbank and 12 in mid-marsh zones).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2017.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2017. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Variation in Landsat 8-estimated land surface temperature with elevation from Spartina alterniflora marsh cross sections in the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research (GCE-LTER) site and Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) LTER sites for winter and summer observations spanning 2013-2018
We estimated land surface temperature from top of atmosphere brightness temperature provided by Landsat 8's band 10 (a thermal band). We collected these measurements first for Spartina alterniflora dominated marsh near the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research (GCE-LTER) eddy covariance flux tower. Measurements were collected from pixels along three east-west cross sections that spanned a marsh edge to interior gradient. We extracted Landsat 8 data for all available cloud-free low tide dates during August, September, January and February during the years 2013 to 2018 and associated these with marsh elevation information from a 1 m^2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM), created by Haldik et al 2013, also available from the GCE data catalog (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4c5187ef603f70cd0a77ece24ef0fed9). We rescaled the DEM to the coarser spatial resolution of Landsat 8 (30 x 30 m) where the rescaled elevation was the mean of the constituent DEM values. Ultimately, we used generalized additive models to relate land surface temperature to elevation, while accounting for variation from spatial proximity, transect and sample date. These models revealed that land surface temperature was negatively related to marsh elevation on the marsh platform. We then confirmed the generality of this pattern by rederiving these same relationships for three cross sections of Spartina alterniflora marsh at Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) LTER for winter sampling dates only (data also included here). DEM data for VCR LTER are available at https://www.vcrlter.virginia.edu/gisdata/LIDAR/USGS2015/. We used custom R functions that can convert Landsat 8 top of atmosphere brightness temperature or top of atmosphere radiance from band 10 data to land surface temperature, which are available at https://github.com/jloconnell/convert_top_of_atmosphere_thermal_to_land_surface_temperature. Currently, a provisional land surface temperature product is available on earthexplorer.usgs.gov, w
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2018.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2018. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Porewater measurements of dissolved nutrients (ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, phosphate) from core monitoring sites in the GCE-LTER domain following hurricane Irma from October 2017 to October 2018.
To access the effect of hurricane Irma on the GCE domain, porewater samples were collected to evaluate porewater nutrient concentrations at four core GCE monitoring sites (7, 8, 9 and 11). A limited number of samples were collected in October 2017 (a month after the storm surge from hurricane Irma hit the east coast of the United States) and then all sites were sampled in Nov 2017 and in Jan, Feb, Apr and Oct 2018. Porewater samples were obtained from approximately 10 cm depth using Rhizon samplers and then analyzed for ammonium, nitrate + nitrite, and phosphate concentrations.
Porewater chemistry measurements from the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) from July 2017 through July 2019.
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) is a large-scale field experiment designed to simulate saltwater intrusion in a tidal freshwater wetland to predict how chronic (Press) and acute (Pulse) salinization will affect this and other tidal freshwater ecosystems. The SALTEx experiment was initiated in 2012 and consists of 31 field plots, each 2.5 m on a side. There are three treatments (Press, Pulse, and Fresh) and two types of controls (with and without sides), each consisting of six replicates. The Press treatment plots receive regular (4 times each week) additions of a mixture of seawater and fresh river water. Pulse plots receive the same mixture of seawater and river water during September and October, which is historically a time of low flow in the river when natural saltwater intrusion occurs. The Fresh treatment plots receive regular additions of fresh river water. Treatment water is added during low tide to facilitate its infiltration into the soil, and all plots are inundated by astronomical tides at high tide. Response measurements include porewater chemistry, specifically concentrations of chloride, sulfate, sulfide, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium-N, nitrate/nitrite-N, dissolved reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio, organic-carbon:organic-nitrogen ratio, and pH. Samples of source water were taken after collection (seawater, river water) or mixing (mixed seawater and river water in tanks) and analyzed for concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, ammonium-N, nitrate/nitrite-N, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen. Source water samples from 2016 and beyond also included measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), carbon:nitrogen ratio, organic-carbon:organic-nitrogen ratio, chloride and sulfate.
Soil salinity at GCE-LTER vegetation monitoring plots in October 2016
Soil samples were collected in conjunction with Fall 2016 plant monitoring at half of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots in the creekbank and midmarsh zones at 10 GCE study sites. Pore-water salinity was determined by analysis of supernatant salinity in dried soil samples hydrated with a measured volume of deionized water.
Soil salinity at GCE-LTER vegetation monitoring plots in October 2017
Soil samples were collected in conjunction with Fall 2017 plant monitoring at half of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots in the creekbank and midmarsh zones at 10 GCE study sites. Pore-water salinity was determined by analysis of supernatant salinity in dried soil samples hydrated with a measured volume of deionized water.
Soil salinity at GCE-LTER vegetation monitoring plots in October 2018
Soil samples were collected in conjunction with Fall 2018 plant monitoring at half of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots in the creekbank and midmarsh zones at 10 GCE study sites. Pore-water salinity was determined by analysis of supernatant salinity in dried soil samples hydrated with a measured volume of deionized water.
Soil salinity at GCE-LTER vegetation monitoring plots in October 2019
Soil samples were collected in conjunction with Fall 2019 plant monitoring at half of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots in the creekbank and midmarsh zones at 10 GCE study sites. Pore-water salinity was determined by analysis of supernatant salinity in dried soil samples hydrated with a measured volume of deionized water.
Grasshopper counts and feeding damage at the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) in 2016
Grasshopper abundance and feeding damage were investigated at the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) study area approximately monthly in 2016. We conducted visual surveys in each replicate plot and counted 3 species of grasshopper (Romalea, Leptysma, Orchelimum) and scored grasshopper feeding damage on 2 species of plants (Zizaniopsis, Pontederia).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2019.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2019. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Leaf area index for Spartina alterniflora near the GCE-LTER Flux Tower in 2018 and 2019
Leaf area index (LAI) was measured at permanent vegetation plots located in the GCE-LTER Flux Tower site for short and medium form Spartina alterniflora. LAI data were collected using a handheld ceptometer in 2018 and 2019.
Eddy covariance 30-minute CO2 fluxes with accompanying biophysical variables from the GCE-LTER flux tower site from December 2018 to January 2020
Eddy covariance (EC) CO2 fluxes from December 2018 to January 2020 collected over a Spartina alterniflora marsh located on the western side of Sapelo Island bounded by the Duplin River and Barn Creek. EC fluxes were processed in EddyPro 7. Additional biophysical variables included are air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, soil temperature, and water table height from a nearby tidal creek.
Long-term Atmospheric, Soil and Water Sensor Data from the GCE-LTER Eddy Covariance Flux Tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia
Long-term measurements of various atmospheric, soil and water properties were made using electronic sensors attached to the GCE-LTER eddy covariance flux tower deployed in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Variables measured include air and water temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction, soil temperature, water pressure and solar radiation components (i.e. incident and reflected photosynthetically available, total, long-wave and shortwave radiation). Measurements were logged at 5 minute intervals using multiple Campbell Scientific Instruments CR3000 data loggers, and then combined into a single monotonic time series data set. Quality control analyses were performed to remove values deemed invalid due to sensor failure or miscalibration and to assign Q/C qualifiers to values outside expected ranges or failing various sanity and quality checks of the data. Note that some measurements were spatially replicated with multiple sensors deployed in different micro-habitats (e.g. at the tower and in a nearby marsh platform or creek). Sensors were also added to the tower at various times after the initial installation, therefore some variables do not span the entire period of record. Measurements at this site are ongoing, and the data set will be updated annually to include additional observations.
Long-term Meteorological Data from the GCE-LTER Eddy Covariance Flux Tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia
Long-term measurements of key meteorological variables were made using electronic sensors attached to the GCE-LTER eddy covariance flux tower deployed in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Variables measured include air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction, photosynthetically-available and total solar radiation. Measurements were logged at 5 minute intervals using a Campbell Scientific Instruments CR3000 data logger then re-scaled to 15 minute and daily interval data sets. Quality control analyses were performed to remove values deemed invalid due to sensor failure or miscalibration, and to assign Q/C qualifiers to values outside expected ranges or failing various sanity and quality checks of the data. Measurements began in 2013; however, the total solar pyranometer was not installed until 2018 and minimum and maximum 5 minute air temperature were not added until 2019 so not all variables span the complete period of record. Measurements are continuing at this site and this data set will be updated annually to include additional observations.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2020.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2020. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Fall 2020 grasshopper monitoring -- mid-marsh grasshopper abundance and species diversity at eight GCE LTER sampling sites
Grasshopper abundance and species diversity were investigated at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area in July 2020. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. All grasshoppers observed within each transect were counted and identified to species, if possible. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2020
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2020 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
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