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Fig. 6 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Fig. 6. Hatched egg of Dioxys cincta showing presumed eclosion opening through which second instar emerged, dorsal view.

Figs. 7–11 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 7–11. Fourth larval instar of Dioxys cincta. 7. Entire larva, lateral view, setae not shown. 8. Same, dorsal view, with setae indicated on enlarged lateral swelling. 9. Head, lateral view, with sclerotized areas diagrammatically depicted by uniform gray overtone (in actuality, depth of pigmentation varies on sclerotized areas on uncleared specimen, as indicated in description); pigmentation of front of face and labium not certainly known in this view. 10. Head, frontal view, with setae approximately represented on left and pigmentation represented diagrammatically on right by uniform gray tone; broad unpigmented ecdysial bands only roughly bilaterally symmetrical on actual specimen. 11. Head, ventral view, with setae approximately represented on left and pigmentation represented diagrammatically on right. Scale line (= 1.0 mm) refers to figs. 7 and 8.

Fig. 5 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Fig. 5. Anterior part of cast exoskeleton of first instar of Dioxys cincta taken from hatched egg. Scale line = 0.1 mm.

Figs. 3, 4 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 3, 4. Early stages of Dioxys pomonae resting on the egg of Osmia nigrobarbata Cockerell. 3. Egg before hatching. 4. Pharate true first instar that developed from same egg. For further explanation see text.

Figs. 1, 2 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 1, 2. Vertical nesting site in bank at 22 km WSW of Oltu, Erzurum, Turkey, July 2003. 1. From a distance. 2. Closeup of area identified by rectangle in fig. 1, showing numerous burrow openings of various diameters.

Fig. 121 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 121. Phylogeny of bee families overlaid on the geological column. The shaded area indicates the period of angiosperm diversification. Although flowering plants originated earlier than the shaded area indicates, the geological record does not show a dramatic increase in angiosperm diversity until when first indicated in the figure.

Fig. 120 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 120. Hypothesis of relationship for the corbiculate bees as envisioned by Cockerell (reproduced from Cockerell, 1908b). He did not include tribe Euglossini and the ages he used for particular deposits are now understood to be as follows: Calyptapis [considered as a junior subjective synonym of Bombus by Zeuner and Manning (1976)] is from early Oligocene deposits of Florissant, while the genera Sophrobombus, Chalcobombus, Protobombus, and Electrapis, all in Baltic amber, are middle Eocene in age. Most species of Synapis (a subgenus of Apis) are from Oligocene strata but at least two species are from early Miocene deposits (Engel, 1999c, unpubl. data). Meliponorytes (described by Tosi, 1896) is either a true fossil in Miocene amber from Sicily or perhaps misidentified in African copal and congeneric with living meliponines (see appendix 1).

Fig. 118 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 118. Phylogeny of corbiculate Apinae based on cladistic analysis of data presented in table 15 (Length 65, CI 0.81, RI 0.93). Black dots are unreversed changes; white dots homoplastic character transitions. The character number is indicated above the branch and the state change is indicated below. Anthophora, Centris, and Xylocopa are the outgroups.

Fig. 119 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 119. Distribution of social ethotypes among the corbiculate apines as well as fossils exhibiting worker morphologies. The euglossine genera (Euglossa, Eufriesea, and Eulaema) are generally communal or solitary, while the outgroups (not depicted here) are solitary. Extinct genera are italicized.

Fig. 117 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 117. Phylogeny of Xylocopinae based on cladistic analysis of data presented in table 13 (Length 16, CI 1.00, RI 1.00). Black dots are unreversed changes; white dots homoplastic character transitions. The character number is indicated above the branch and the state change is indicated below. Exomalopsis is the outgroup.

Fig. 116 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 116. Phylogeny of Lithurginae based on cladistic anlaysis of data presented in table 11 (Length 11, CI 0.88, RI 0.90). Black dots are unreversed changes; white dots homoplastic character transitions. The character number is indicated above the branch and the state change is indicated below. Fideliinae is the outgroup.

Figs. 113–115 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Figs. 113–115. Mesosomal structures of Liotrigonopsis rozeni, new species. 113. Forewing. 114. Outer surface of metatibia and metatarsus. 115. Metadistitarsus, claw, and arolium. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (a: for fig. 113) (b: for fig. 114); 0.25 mm (b: for fig. 115).

Fig. 111 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 111. Forewing of holotype female of Kelneriapis eocenica (KelnerPillault). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 109–110 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Figs. 109–110. Wings of holotype female of Melissites trigona, new species. 109. Forewing. 110. Hind wing. Scale bars = 1 mm (a = fig. 109; b = fig. 110).

Fig. 112 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 112. Right lateral view of head of holotype female of Liotrigonopsis rozeni, new species. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 106–108 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Figs. 106–108. Leg structures of holotype female of Melissites trigona, new species. 106. Outer surface of metatibia and metabasitarsus. 107. Inner surface of metatibia and metabasitarsus. 108. Claw and arolium. Scale bar = 0.5 mm (figs. 106, 107); 0.25 mm (fig. 108).

Figs. 103–104 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Figs. 103–104. Wings of holotype female of Melikertes stilbonotus (Engel). 103. Forewing. 104. Hind wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 105 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 105. Frontal view of holotype female head of Melissites trigona, new species. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 100–101 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Figs. 100–101. Holotype female of Melikertes stilbonotus (Engel). 100. Frontal view of head. 101. Dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (a = fig. 101; b = fig. 100).

Fig. 56 in A Monograph Of The Baltic Amber Bees And Evolution Of The Apoidea (Hymenoptera)

Fig. 56. Scanning electron micrograph of paratype female of Boreallodape striebichi, new species; partial specimen preserved at amber surface of BBS 153 (AMNH).