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Fig. 3. A–C in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 3. A–C. Terminology used for adambulacrals and orals in the present paper. A. Actinal view of adambulacral of Luidia sp. — B–F. Benthopecten simplex (Perrier, 1881), Recent (NHMUK EE 13563). B. Abactinal view of adambulacral. C. Interradial view of oral ossicle. D–E. Adambulacral in actinal (D) and abactinal (E) views. F. Base of ambulacral in actinal view. — G–I. Cheiraster gazellae Studer, 1883, Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered), ambulacral ossicles in abactinal (G), actinal (H) and proximal (I) views; note raised abactinal ridge (abr) and inferomarginal articulation (ma). — J–M. Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846), Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). J–K. Oral ossicle in radial (K) and interradial (J) aspects. L–M. Supero- and inferomarginal pair. Abbreviations: d = distal; p = proximal; see Material and methods; after Gale 2011a: figs 10, 16. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 12. A–I, L–M in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 12. A–I, L–M. Punkaster ruegenensis gen. et sp. nov. A–E, H–I. Fused marginal pairs, in lateral (A–C, E: SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 31–33, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 35) views, at right angles to margin (D, H: SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 34, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 38) views and internal view (I: SNSB- BGSP2020XLV 39). F–G. Distal inferomarginals in lateral view (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 36–37). A. Holotype (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 31).B–I. Paratypes (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 32–39).L–M. Probable adambulacrals, actinal view (lot SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 32). — J–K. Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov., marginals (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 40–41). — N–O. Punkaster gen. nov., sp. indet., abactinal ossicles (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 42–43). — P.? Punkaster gen. nov., sp. indet., oral ossicle, external view (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 44). — Q. Punkaster gen. nov., sp. indet., adambulacral, actinal view (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 45). All specimens are from the upper lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, NE Germany. Abbreviation: p = proximal. See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A, C–Q = 0.5 mm; B = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 14. Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944. A in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 14. Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944. A. Holotype (MZA L13a), the original of Peyer (1944: pl. 7) and Blake (1984: fig. 1a–h). B. Enlargement of distal arm. C–F. Line drawings of MZA L 13b/32a–e. C. Ossicle distribution of entire individual; note large, stellate abactinal ossicles which each carry a large boss for attachment of a single spine. D. Ambulacral ossicle, in abactinal view, and two abactinal ossicles. E. Adambulacral ossicle with spines attached. F. Two marginal ossicles, with serrated spines attached. Provenance: Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, liasicus ammonite Zone) of Hallau, Canton Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D–G = 2 mm.

Fig. 13 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 13 (next page). A–C. Chrispaulia radiatus (Spencer, 1905) (BGS 108650), arm of individual in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively (the original of Gale 2005: fig. 5). — D–E, H–O. Chrispaulia spinosa sp. nov. D–E. Holotype (Nds LH 105.107), arm fragment in lateral and actinal views, respectively. H–O. Isolated ossicles, all paratypes. H–I, N. Median superomarginals (NHMUK PI EE 17998, 18003). J–K. Distal superomarginals in lateral view (NHMUK PI EE 17999–18000). L–M. Distal inferomarginals in lateral view (NHMUK PI EE 18001–18002). O. Oral ossicle, in radial aspect (NHMUK PI EE 18004). — F–G. Chrispaulia wrightorum sp. nov., holotype, reconstructed distal arm, in abactinal and lateral views, respectively (NHMUK PI EE 17997). Provenance: A–C. Cenomanian (Lower Chalk), Dover, Kent, United Kingdom. D–E. Lower Hauterivian (Endemoceras amblygonium ammonite Zone), Engelbostel near Hannover, Germany. F–G. Albian, Hunstanton Formation, Speeton, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. H–O. Upper 3 m of Tealby Clay, Hauterivian, Nettleton, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. Scale bars: A–G = 5 mm; H–O = 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 7 (next page). A–J. Jurapecten infrajurensis sp. nov., various ossicle types (paratypes). A, H. Ambulacrals, in lateral and actinal aspects, respectively (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 21,SNSB- BGSP2020XLV 28). B, E–F. Adambulacrals, in actinal and abactinal views (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 22, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 25–26). C, G, J. Superomarginals, in lateral views (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 23, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 27, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 30). D, I. Inferomarginals, in lateral views (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 24, SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 29). — K–Y. Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011. K, P, U. Adambulacral ossicles. K. Abactinal view (NHMUK PI EE 17996). P. NHMUK EE 13598 (the original of Gale 2011a: pl. 19 fig. 11). U. NHMUK EE 13599, the original of Gale (2011a: pl. 20 fig. 12). L. Circumoral ossicle (NHMUK EE 13605, the original of Gale 2011a: pl. 20 fig. 13). M–N. Ambulacral ossicles, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 13595–13596, the originals of Gale 2011a: pl. 19 figs 8–9). O. Ambulacral, in proximal/distal view (NHMUK 13597). Q–S. Superomarginal ossicles (NHMUK EE 13601–13602; the originals of Gale 2011a: pl. 20 figs 6–7). T, V–W. Inferomarginals (NHMUK EE 13600, EE 13603–13604, EE 13608, the originals of Gale 2011a: pl. 20 figs 5, 8, 16). X–Y. Oral ossicles (NHMUK EE 13606– 13607, the originals of Gale 2011a: pl. 20 figs 10, 14). Provenance: A–J. Upper Toarcian–lower Aalenian (possibly aalensis ammonite Zone), Quedlinburg (Landkreis Harz, northern Germany; see Hess 2014). K–Y. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d'Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département du Jura, France (Gale 2011b). Abbreviations: d = distal; p = proximal. See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A–J = 0.2 mm; K–Y = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 5 (next page). A, E, I–K. Cheiraster gazellae Studer, 1883 (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A, E. Adambulacral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively. I–K. Ambulacrals, in abactinal, actinal and proximal views, respectively. — B, F, L–M. Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846) (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). B, F. Adambulacral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively. L–M. Ambulacral, in abactinal and actinal views, respectively. — C, G, P. Benthopecten simplex (Perrier, 1881) (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). C, G. Actinal and abactinal views of adambulacral, respectively. P. Enlarged view of actinal surface of ambulacral base. — D, H, N. Nearchaster aciculosus (Fisher, 1910) (USNM, unregistered). D, H. Adambulacral in actinal and abactinal views, respectively. N. Enlarged view of actinal surface of ambulacral base. — O, Q–S. Pectinaster filholi (Perrier, 1885) (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). O. Enlargement of ambulacral base, actinal view. Q. Proximal view of ambulacral. R–S. Abactinal and actinal views of adambulacral, respectively. Abbreviations: d = distal; p = proximal. See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A–N, P–S = 1 mm; O = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 4 (next page). A, D, J–M, O–P, S–W, Z. Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846), Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). A. Denuded radius, abactinal view. D. Lateral view of denuded arm. J–M. Superomarginals, lateral view. O–P, S, W. Inferomarginals, in lateral (O–P, S) and proximal (W) views. T. Circumoral ossicle. U–V. Oral ossicle. Z. Abactinal ossicle. — B, N, R, X. Nearchaster aciculosus (Fisher, 1910), Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). B. Lateral view of denuded arm. N, R. Marginal pair. X. Abactinal ossicle. — C, F–G, Y. Pectinaster filholi (Perrier, 1885), Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). C. Denuded arm, in lateral view. F–G. Marginal pair. Y. Abactinal ossicle. — E, Q. Cheiraster gazellae Studer, 1883, Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). E. Lateral view of denuded arm. Q. Lateral view of superomarginal. — H–I. Benthopecten simplex (Perrier, 1881), Recent (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered), lateral view of supero-/inferomarginal pair. Abbreviation: d = distal. See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A–E = 5 mm; F–W = 1 mm; X–Z = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 6 (next page). A–B, F.? Benthopectinidae. A–B. Inferomarginals, in lateral aspect (MHI 2183/7, MHI 2183/8). F. Oral ossicle in radial view (MHI 2183/9). — C, G. Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011. C. Inferomarginal, in lateral view (NHMUK PI EE 17988). G. Oral ossicle, in radial view (NHMUK EE 13606; the original of Gale 2011a: pl. 20 fig. 10). — D–E, H. Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846). D–E. Lateral view of inferomarginals. H. Oral ossicle (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). — I–U. Jurapecten infrajurensis sp. nov. I. Oral ossicle, radial view (SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 31). J–M. Ambulacral ossicles, in actinal views (J = holotype, NHMUK PI EE 17989; K–L = paratypes, NHMUK PI EE 17990–17991; M = SNSB-BGSP2020XLV16). N–O. Marginal ossicles (paratypes, NHMUK PI EE 17992–17993). P, R–T. Adambulacral ossicles (paratypes), in actinal (P, R) and abactinal (S–T) views (R–S = NHMUK PI EE 17994–17995; P, T = SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 17, SNSB- BGSP2020XLV 19). I, Q. Oral ossicles, in radial view (paratypes: SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 15, SNSB- BGSP2020XLV 18). U. Circumoral ossicle (paratype: SNSB-BGSP2020XLV 20). Provenance: A–B, F. Maantang Formation (Carnian, Upper Triassic), sample C30, Jiancougou, Sechuan Province, China. C, G. Upper Oxfordian (Couches d'Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone), Savigna, near Orgelet, Département du Jura, France (Gale 2011b). D–E, H. Recent, Porcupine Trough, NE Atlantic. I, M, P–Q, T–U. Upper Toarcian–lower Aalenian (possibly aalensis ammonite Zone), Quedlinburg (Landkreis Harz, northern Germany; Hess 2014). J–L, N–O, R–S. Middle Toarcian, Le Clapier (Département d'Aveyron), 62 km WNW of Montpellier, southern France (Thuy 2012). See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A–H = 0.4 mm; I–U = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 8 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 8 (next page). A–H, J–V. Jurapecten dhondtae sp. nov. A–D. Superomarginals in lateral view (NHMM JJ 10490b–e). E–H, J–K. Inferomarginals (NHMM JJ 10490f–j), in lateral (E–H, K) and distal (J) views. E. Original of Jagt (2000: pl. 6 fig. 2; NHMM JJ 9591i). F. Holotype (NHMM JJ 10490a). L–P. Adambulacrals, in actinal (M–N) and abactinal (L, O) views, with (P) enlargement to show ridges (lot NHMM JJ 9591). Q–V. Ambulacrals, in actinal (Q, S, U), abactinal (R, T) and proximal/distal (V) views (lot NHMM JJ 9591). — I. Pectinaster filholi (Perrier, 1885) (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered), enlargement of area on actinal surface of ambulacral. Provenance: A–H, J–V. Upper Maastrichtian, CBR Romontbos quarry, Eben Emael (Liège, NE Belgium), Maastricht Formation, Emael Member (Lava Horizon). I. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Abbreviations: d = distal; p = proximal. See Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology. Scale bars: A–H, J–O, Q–V = 1 mm; I, P = 0.2 mm.

Figure 20 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 20. Modifications in the profile of the levels of organization of the columnals along the stalk during ontogeny. (a) Guillecrinus neocaledonicus; (b) comparison of adult stages of the two species of Guillecrinus. A, Adult stage (A1 and A2: see Figure 17); J, juvenile stage; Prox. 1, new columnals appearing proximally (proximal vertical axis on Figure 17).

Figure 18 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 18. Reconstruction of the growth curves in Guillecrinus, from specimens retaining the proximal part of the stalk. (a) Ontogenic index (kH) provided by the most proximal segment of the simplified biometric profiles of the heights of the columnals (see Figure 16); (b) ontogenic growth curves using the proximal diameter of the stalk as an index of the size and kH as an index of relative age. AC, aboral cup. See text for explanations.

Figure 17 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 17. Ontogeny of the columnals in relation to their place within the stalk in Guillecrinus. Horizontal row of columnals represents a succession of columnals along individual stalks; lines connecting columnals of adjacent rows represent a succession of ontogenetic stages with a growth in size. For the axial sections below and to the right each columnal cross-section, the black areas schematize the place and the amplitude of the ligamentary depressions. J, juvenile stage; A, adult stage; J2 and A2, observed stages; J1 and A1, earlier stages deduced from observations on J2 and A2; solid lines, ontogenetic trends of G. neocaledonicus; dotted lines, hypothetical relationships with G. reunionensis; r, rigid; f, flexible; a, ankylosis. See text for explanations.

Figure 16 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 16. Simplified schemes of the principal modifications in the biometric profiles of Guillecrinus stalks during ontogeny. Hm, minimal proximal height; Dc, diameter of the base of the aboral cup; DM, maximum proximal diameter; Dm, minimal proximal diameter; dotted area, proxistele; open area, mesistele; short scattered lines, dististele.

Figure 15 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 15. Distribution of the types of articular facets along the adult stalk of Guillecrinus. (A) Ontogenetic distal process (subsidiary crests); (B) proximal ontogenetic process (only interareolar ridges).

Figure 13 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 13. Biometric profiles of the stalk of three specimens of Guillecrinus reunionensis. (m) Fixation disk.

Figure 12 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 12. Proximal and median columnals of Guillecrinus reunionensis. (a) Proximal facet of holotype. (b–f) paratype: (b) columnal under the basal circlet, not visible externally; (c) first visible columnal, proximal facet; (d) the same, distal facet; (e) 62nd columnal, proximal facet; (f) 63rd columnal, proximal facet. ra, radials; ba, basals; col, first columnal; s, suture visible externally. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 9. Proximal and median columnals of the adult specimens of Guillecrinus neocaledonicus. (a–d) Proximal columnals of the N6 specimen: (a) most proximal columnal, distal facet; (b) same columnal, proximal facet; (c) second columnal, proximal facet; (d) third columnal; (e) one of the proximal columnals of the N7 specimen; (f) most frequent type of columnal in the N7 specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 8 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 8. Biometric profiles of the stalk of the specimens of Guillecrinus neocaledonicus which do not belong to the type series. (m) Fixation disk.

Figure 6 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 6. Columnals of the mesistele and dististele of juvenile specimen N3. (a) Columnal 5b; (b, c) columnal 5c; (d) columnal 4; (e) columnal 39; (f) columnal 2 (see their place on the biometric profile on Figure 3). Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 5 in Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids, Echinodermata)

Figure 5. Columnals of the stalk from the juvenile specimen N5, from the most proximal (a) to the distal extremity of the stalk (f). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.