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965 results for “Theropods”
Fig. 6 in A New Dromaeosaurid Theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)
Fig. 6. Lateral views of the skulls of Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6516) and IGM 100/25 (the
Fig. 1 in A New Dromaeosaurid Theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)
Fig. 1. Holotype of Tsaagan mangas (IGM 100/1015) during initial preparation.
Figure 6 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 6. Skull of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in dorsal aspect (photo courtesy of J. Weinstein).
Figure 18 in Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution
Figure 18. Proximal left tibia of Cryolophosaurus ellioti in proximal (A) and lateral (B) aspects.
Data from: Machine learning confirms new records of maniraptoran theropods in Middle Jurassic UK microvertebrate faunas
<p>Current research suggests that the initial radiation of maniraptoran theropods occurred in the Middle Jurassic, although their fossil record is known almost exclusively from the Cretaceous. However, fossils of Jurassic maniraptorans are scarce, usually consisting solely of isolated teeth, and their identifications are often disputed. Here, we apply different machine learning models, in conjunction with morphological comparisons, to a suite of isolated theropod teeth from Bathonian microvertebrate sites in the UK in order to determine if any of these can be confidently assigned to Maniraptora. We generated three independent models developed on a training dataset with a wide range of theropod taxa and broad geographical and temporal coverage. Classifying the Middle Jurassic teeth in our sample against these models indicates the presence of at least three distinct dromaeosaur morphotypes, plus a therizinosaur and troodontid, in these assemblages, a conclusion supported by morphological comparison. These new referrals significantly extend the ranges of Therizinosauroidea and Troodontidae, by some 27 million years. These results indicate that not only were maniraptorans present in the Middle Jurassic, as predicted by previous phylogenetic analyses, but had already radiated into a diverse fauna that pre-dated the break-up of Pangaea. This study also demonstrates the power of machine learning to provide quantitative assessments of isolated teeth in providing a robust, testable framework for taxonomic identifications, and highlights the importance of assessing and including evidence from microvertebrate sites in faunal and evolutionary analyses.</p>
Data from: Machine learning confirms new records of maniraptoran theropods in Middle Jurassic UK microvertebrate faunas
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Data from: First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology
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Data from: A highly pneumatic ‘mid Cretaceous’ theropod from the British Lower Greensand
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Data from: Convergent evolution among non-carnivorous, desert-dwelling theropods as revealed by the dentary of the noasaurid Berthasaura leopoldinae (Cretaceous of Brazil)
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The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs
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Morphology and osteohistology of a large-bodied caenagnathid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana): implications for size-based classifications and growth reconstruction in theropods
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Data from: A new Middle Jurassic lagoon margin assemblage of theropod and sauropod dinosaur trackways from the Isle of Skye, Scotland
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Data from: Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
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FIGURE 13 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 13. Mesial dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. Ld2 of FMNH PR2081 (A), Rd2 of AMNH 5027 (B), Ld3 (C), and Ld4 (D) of FMNH PR2081, all in mesial view. E, Ld2 and Rd4 of BHI 3033 in labial and lingual views (arrows mark ends of distal (Ld2) and mesial (Rd4) carinae).
FIGURE 5 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view.
FIGURE 4 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
FIGURE 17 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
Data from: Chemical preservation of tail feathers from Anchiornis huxleyi, a theropod dinosaur from the Tiaojishan Formation (Upper Jurassic, China)
A panel of geochemical techniques is used here to investigate the taphonomy of fossil feathers preserved in association with the skeleton of the Jurassic theropod Anchiornis huxleyi. Extant buzzard feathers were analysed in parallel to test whether the soft tissues morphologically preserved in the fossil also exhibit a high degree of chemical preservation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicate that clays and iron oxide pseudomorphs occur in the surrounding sediment and also reveal the preservation of melanosome-like microbodies in the fossil. Carbon gradient along a depth profile and co-occurrence of carbon and sulphur was shown in the fossil by elastic backscattering (EBS) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). The molecular composition of modern and fossil soft tissues was assessed from micro-Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (micro-ATR FTIR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS NMR) and pyrolysis- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the presence of TMAH (TMAH-Py-GC-MS). Results show that the proteinaceous material that comprises the modern feathers is not present in the fossil feathers. The latter and the embedding sediment exhibit a highly aliphatic character. However, substantial differences could be evidenced between these samples, revealing that the organic matter of the fossil feathers is, at least partially, derived from original constituents of the feathers. The preservation of the fossil feathers, primarily expressed by the preservation of their morphology, seems to be associated with in situ polymerization of endogenous lipids. Sulphur probably played a role in the fossil preservation although no natural sulphurization took place.
Data from: Learning to see the wood for the trees: machine learning, decision trees and the classification of isolated theropod teeth
Taxonomic identification of fossils based on morphometric data traditionally relies on the use of standard linear models to classify such data. Machine learning and decision trees offer powerful alternative approaches to this problem but are not widely used in palaeontology. Here, we apply these techniques to published morphometric data of isolated theropod teeth in order to explore their utility in tackling taxonomic problems. We chose two published datasets consisting of 886 teeth from 14 taxa and 3020 teeth from 17 taxa, respectively, each with five morphometric variables per tooth. We also explored the effects that missing data have on the final classification accuracy. Our results suggest that machine learning and decision trees yield superior classification results over a wide range of data permutations, with decision trees achieving accuracies of 96% in classifying test data in some cases. Missing data or attempts to generate synthetic data to overcome missing data seriously degrade all classifiers predictive accuracy. The results of our analyses also indicate that using ensemble classifiers combining different classification techniques and the examination of posterior probabilities is a useful aid in checking final class assignments. The application of such techniques to isolated theropod teeth demonstrate that simple morphometric data can be used to yield statistically robust taxonomic classifications and that lower classification accuracy is more likely to reflect preservational limitations of the data or poor application of the methods.
Histological dataset for: Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size macroevolution
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of longstanding interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally-mature gigantic theropods, weightbearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weightbearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record, and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.