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FIGURE 6 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 6. Flower morphology and their stages of development in Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín, V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig. A. Flower in bud, lateral view; B. Open flower with spreading perigone segments, lateral view; C. Mature flower with dehiscent anthers and enrolled and sigmoid perigone segments; D. Flower after opening, apical view; E. Mature flower, apical view. Scale bars: 1cm.

FIGURE 3 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 3. Bulb with young leaves of Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín. V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIGURE 9 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 9. Habitat of Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín, V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig. Above, view over the eastern Nuweveldberge plateau in the Karoo National Park, showing the typical combination of Karoo Escarpment Grassland, Upper Karoo Hardeveld and (unnamed) montane renosterveld; below, the seasonal/episodic watercourse on the summit of the Nuweveldberge next to which the type specimen was collected.

FIGURE 10 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 10. Known distribution of Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín, V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig (red circles), M. calvata Baker (blue squares) and M. echinata L.f. (green triangles) in South Africa.

FIGURE 4 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 4. Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín. V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig. A. General view; B. Inflorescence and leaves, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURE 2 in Massonia dentata (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from the Nuweveldberge, and typification of the Sneeuberg endemic M. calvata (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa)

FIGURE 2. Massonia dentata Mart.-Azorín, V.R.Clark, M.Pinter, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig in situ. Above, plant at the type locality at the farm Grootvlei 193, NW of Beaufort West (corresponding to Clark & Cerros 471 GRA); below, eastern-most specimen (corresponding to Clark & Cerros 591 GRA).

FIGURE 3 in Typifications in the genus Cicendia Adans. (Gentianaceae)

FIGURE 3. Lectotype (designated by Díaz Lifante and Valdés 2014: 421) of Gentiana filiformis L. (in Vaillant (1727: tab. VI, fig. 3. "Centaurium palustre luteum, minimum Voyez planche, VI. Fig. 3")

FIGURE 1 in Typification of two Stereocaulon names (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)

FIGURE 1. Type collection of Stereocaulon botryosum in H-ACH. A, lectotype of S. botryosum. B, Cladonia parasitica. C & D, Stereocaulon alpinum. Denotation of specimens following the rules used for the collection in H- ACH. © Botanical Museum (H), FMNH, University of Helsinki.

FIGURE 1. A in Typification of Láng's names in Polycnemum (Amaranthaceae s.l.)

FIGURE 1. A. Lectotype of Polycnemum heuffelii Láng (BP 707539!). B. Lectotype of Polycnemum verrucosum Láng (BP 707552!).

FIGURE 1 in Typification of Pascalia glauca (Heliantheae, Asteraceae), with historical notes on that name

FIGURE 1. Pascalia glauca Ortega. Lectotype (iconotype), engraving by I. Gálvez in Gómez-Ortega (1797: tab. 4). Reproduced with permission (Biblioteca, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid).

FIGURE 2 in Typification of Pascalia glauca (Heliantheae, Asteraceae), with historical notes on that name

FIGURE 2. Pascalia glauca Ortega. Epitype (MA-244280, the fragment on the upper right side). Reproduced with permission (MA, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid).

FIGURE 1. A in Typification of names in Kaunia (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae, Oxylobinae)

FIGURE 1. A. Photograph of the type of Eupatorium grossidentatum (Fiebrig 3069 "pro parte") destroyed at B (Field Museum, Photo Negative 16267, http://emuweb.fieldmuseum.org/botany/search_berlin.php). B. Photograph of the type of E. camataquiense (Fiebrig 3069 "pro parte") destroyed at B (Field Museum, Photo Negative 16223, http://emuweb.fieldmuseum.org/botany/search_berlin.php). C. Lectotype of E. grossidentatum (http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/gh00007693?s=t) showing irregularly toothed margins of leaf blades. D. Lectotype of E. camataquiense (http://herbarium.bgbm.org/object/B100366430) showing entire margins of leaf blades.

FIGURE 3 in Typification of Pascalia glauca (Heliantheae, Asteraceae), with historical notes on that name

FIGURE 3. Living plants of Pascalia glauca Ortega growing in the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA). A: Lower leaf; B: Flowering head; C: Details of the involucre; D: Fruiting head. Photographs by Carlos Aedo (personal collection num. CA 19537).

FIGURE 1 in Typification of two Linnaean names: Centaurea aspera and Centaurea isnardii (Asteraceae)

FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Centaurea aspera L. (right-hand specimen) [Herb. Burser XV(2): 38 (UPS-BURSER)]. © Herbarium UPS, reproduced with permission.

FIGURE 2 in Typification of two Linnaean names: Centaurea aspera and Centaurea isnardii (Asteraceae)

FIGURE 2. Capitulum detail of the lectotype of Centaurea aspera L. [Herb. Burser XV(2): 38 (UPS-BURSER)]. © Herbarium UPS, reproduced with permission.

FIGURE 1 in Typification of the Linnaean name Centaurea seridis (Asteraceae)

FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Centaurea seridis L., Herb. Linn. No. 362.7 (S, code S09-20128). Photograph courtesy of the Herbarium S, reproduced with their permission.

FIGURE 1 in Nomenclature and typification of Rhynchosia suaveolens (Leguminosae)

FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Rhynchosia suaveolense (L.f.) DC. (901:18) © Linnean Society, London. Image of lectotype available at: http://linnean-online.org/8509/

FIGURE 3 in Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides (Compositae): New record to Asia with its identity, typification, and distribution

FIGURE 3. Distribution map showing the worldwide occurrence (green dots) of Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides.

FIGURE 2 in Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides (Compositae): New record to Asia with its identity, typification, and distribution

FIGURE 2. Line drawing of Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides. A. Flowering twig; B. Compound head; C. Vertical section of a compound head showing hollow conical receptacle; D. Involucre bract of a compound head; E. Single capitulum with 3 bracts and 4 female, 2 bisexual flowers; F. Involucre bract of a capitulum; G. Adaxial and lateral bracts of a capitulum; H. Female flower; I, J. Bisexual flowers at younger (I) and older (J) stage with anthers exserted from corolla tube; K, L. Achenes of bisexual (K) and female (L) flowers. Illustrated by Oshin based on VVN 649.

FIGURE 1 in Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides (Compositae): New record to Asia with its identity, typification, and distribution

FIGURE 1. Analytical photographs of Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides. A. Habit; B. Twigs bearing compound capitulum; C. Compound head; D. Vertical section of a compound head; E, F. Involucre bracts of a compound head (E) and a capitulum (F) (left—abaxial view, right—adaxial view); G. Single capitulum comprising three bracts, female and bisexual flowers; H. Adaxial and lateral bracts of a capitulum; I. Female flower with exserted bifid stigma; J. Bisexual flowers (left—younger, right—older with anthers exserted from corolla tube); K, L. Achenes of female (K) and bisexual (L) flowers.