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Fig. 7 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 7. Skulls of smaller-toothed, medium-sized Pteropus species of the southwest Pacific region. A, Partially cleaned skull of Pteropus fundatus, endemic to Vanuatu (AM M26897, adult male, Mota); B, reconstructed skull of Pteropus allenorum, endemic Samoa (ANSP 1234, unsexed subadult, Upolu); C, skull of Pteropus mahaganus, endemic to the Solomon Archipelago (AM M6280, adult male, Bougainville). Scale bar 5 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 10. Skulls of the four larger Pteropus species of Vanuatu and Polynesia. A, P. tonganus (AMNH 68738, adult male, ''Samoa''); B, P. samoensis (USNM 4465, unsexed adult, ''Samoan Archipelago''); C, P. coxi (USNM 3953/3791, probably male, ''Samoan Archipelago''); D, P. anetianus (USNM 278062, adult female, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu). Scale bar 5 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 4. Bivariate ecomorphological contrasts in Samoan Pteropus. A plot of rostral (orbitonasal) length versus zygomatic width discriminates the four Pteropus species recorded from Samoa. Sample represents all adult specimens (or nearly adult in the case of the unique holotype of P. allenorum) from the Samoan archipelago. Open triangles indicate P. samoensis; closed diamonds, P. tonganus; closed square, P. allenorum; open circles, P. coxi.

Fig. 6 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 6. Maxillary toothrows of the four Pteropus species of Samoa, to scale. A, Pteropus allenorum (ANSP 1234, unsexed subadult); B, Pteropus samoensis (ANSP 1867, unsexed adult); C, Pteropus coxi (USNM 3791, adult, probably male); D, Pteropus tonganus (AMNH 68738, adult male). Scale bar 5 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 11. Color variation in the extant Pteropus spp. of Samoa. A, P. tonganus (USNM 566603, adult female, ''Samoa''), dorsal coloration pattern; B, P. samoensis (USNM 338624, adult male, Tutuila), dark phase (most common); C, P. samoensis (USNM 565827, adult female, Tutuila), white phase (very rare); D, P. samoensis (USNM 3947, unsexed young adult, ''Samoan Archipelago''), pale, straw-colored phase (less common in Samoa, more common in Fiji).

Fig. 5 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 5. Bivariate ecomorphological contrasts in Samoan Pteropus (continued). A plot of maxillary toothrow length versus the distance across the upper canines also discriminates the four Pteropus species recorded from Samoa. Sample and symbols as for figure 4.

Fig. 2. A in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 2. A map of Samoa, showing political boundaries and principal islands, with inset showing the location of Apia on the island of Upolu, the type locality of Pteropus allenorum. Adapted from Steadman (2006b).

Fig. 14 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 14. Bivariate plot of the two canonical variates in a discriminant function analysis contrasting samples identified as Pteropus samoensis (Fiji and Samoa, triangles), Pteropus anetianus (Vanuatu, closed circles), and Pteropus coxi (Samoa, open circles). Parenthetical numbers on the axes indicate the proportion of variance for each variate (see table 5).

Fig. 8 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 8. Multivariate morphometric comparisons in Samoan Pteropus (principal components analysis), drawing from 10 log-transformed craniodental measurements, divide the four Pteropus species recorded from Samoa into four discrete quadrant clusters. Sample and symbols as for figure 4. In this case, overall size can be visualized on the first component (increasing from right to left), while the loadings on the second component serve as an indication of general ''robustness'' (increasing from top to bottom). See text and table 3. Parenthetical numbers on the axes indicate the proportion of variance for each principal component (see table 3).

Fig. 9 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct

Fig. 9. Skins of the endemic Pteropus of Vanuatu. A, P. fundatus, AM M26896, adult female, Mota. B, P. anetianus, USNM 278062, adult female, Espiritu Santo.

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Fig. 2 in Distribution range and extinction risk of tree snail subgenus Amphidromus (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand

Fig. 2. Locations of Amphidromus (Amphidromus) records from literature. Open circles show reported locations of Amphidromus.

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Fig. 3 in Distribution range and extinction risk of tree snail subgenus Amphidromus (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand

Fig. 3. Species distribution models of five Amphidromus subspecies. Darker colors represent higher probabilities of suitable habitat. Upper and lower rows are probabilities of suitable habitat in years 2000 and 2050, respectively. A and F are models of A. (A.) atricallosus atricallosus. B and G are models of A. (A.) atricallosus leucoxanthus. C and H are models of A. (A.) givenchyi. D and I are models of A. (A.) inversus annamiticus. E and J are models of A. (A.) schomburgki dextrochlorus.

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Fig. 1 in Distribution range and extinction risk of tree snail subgenus Amphidromus (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) in Thailand

Fig. 1. Tree snails in subgenus Amphidromus. A, Amphidromus (Amphidromus) atricallosus atricallosus; B, A. (A.) atricallosus leucoxanthus; C, A. (A.) givenchyi; D, A. (A.) inversus annamiticus; E, A. (A.) schomburgki dextrochlorus; F, A. (A.) schomburgki schomburgki.

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Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50). in A New Thaumastocyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora) From The Early Miocene Of Tuchořice, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50).

Text-fig. 6. Boxplots showing the proportion of mf2 in relation to the sum of the occlusal area in the five families of extinct sloths. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 6. Boxplots showing the proportion of mf2 in relation to the sum of the occlusal area in the five families of extinct sloths.

Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).

Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae.

Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness

Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).

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FIG. 6 in Extending the tooth mesowear method to extinct and extant equids

FIG. 6. — Hierarchical cluster diagrams based on the mesowear variables %high (percent high occlusal relief), %sharp (percent sharp cusps) and %blunt (percent blunt cusps) of the isolated tooth positions P2, P3, P4, M1, M2 and M3, the 3-tooth model P4+M2+M3, the 4-tooth model P4-M3 and the 5-tooth model P3-M3. Clusters based on a set of 27 "typical" recent comparison taxa after Fortelius & Solounias (2000); A-D, Hippotherium primigenium Meyer, 1829; A, from the Dinotheriensande (all localities); B, Eppelsheim; C, Esselborn; D, Westhofen; E, Equus burchelli Gray 1824 (ebN) from Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania; F, Equus burchelli (ebS) from Botswana, Namibia and Angola. For abbreviations see Table 1; upper case, browser; lower case, grazer; mixed case (capital first), mixed-feeder; mixed case (lower first), fossil species; NED, normalised Euclidean distance.