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2,162 results for “glands”
Data from: Analysing small insect glands with UV-LDI MS: high-resolution spatial analysis reveals the chemical composition and use of the osmeterium secretion in Themira superba (Sepsidae: Diptera)
For many insect species, pheromones are important communication tools, but chemical analysis and experimental study can be technically challenging because they require the detection and handling of complex chemicals in small quantities. One drawback of traditional mass spectrometry methods such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry is that whole-body extractions from one to several hundred individuals are required, with the consequence that intra- and interindividual differences cannot be detected. Here, we used the recently introduced UV-LDI MS (ultraviolet laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry) to profile the 'osmeterium' of the sepsid fly Themira superba that is located on the edge of the hind tibia of males. Based on analyses of individual legs, we established that the gland produced a secretion that consisted of oxygenated hydrocarbons and putative isoprenoids. The secretion was first detected 24 h after eclosion, and its transfer to the wings of females during mating was demonstrated using UV-LDI MS. We then tested whether the secretion had an anti-aphrodisiac function, but experimental transfer of the secretion to virgin females did not affect mating success or copulation duration. Throughout the study, UV-LDI MS proved invaluable, because it allowed tracking the natural and experimental transfer of small quantities of pheromones to specific body parts of small flies.
Data from: Gene expression changes in male accessory glands during ageing are accompanied by reproductive decline in Drosophila melanogaster
Senescence is accompanied by loss of reproductive functions. Here we studied reproductive ageing in Drosophila melanogaster males and asked whether the expected decline in male reproductive success is due to diminished functionality of the male accessory gland. The male accessory gland produces the majority of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) transferred to the female at mating. SFPs induce female post-mating changes and are key to male reproductive success. We measured age-dependent gene expression changes for five representative SFP genes in males from four different age groups ranging from one to six weeks after eclosion. Simultaneously, we also measured male reproductive success in post-mating traits mediated by transfer of these five SFPs. We found a decrease in male SFP gene expression with advancing age and an accompanying decline in male post-mating success. Hence, male reproductive senescence is associated with a decline in functionality of the male accessory gland. While overall individual SFP genes decrease in expression our results point towards the idea that the composition of an ejaculate might change with male age as the rate of change was variable for those five genes.
Data from: Effect of host plant and immune challenge on the levels of chemosensory and odorant-binding proteins in caterpillar salivary glands
More than half of the proteome from mandibular glands in caterpillars is represented by chemosensory proteins. Based on sequence similarity, these proteins are putative transporters of ligands to gustatory receptors in sensory organs of insects. We sought to determine whether these proteins are inducible by comparing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the salivary (mandibular and labial) proteomes from caterpillars (Vanessa cardui) reared on different plants and artificial diet containing either bacteria or bacterial cell-walls. We included a treatment where the caterpillars were switched from feeding on artificial diet to plant material at some point in their development. Additionally, we evaluated the degree of overlap between the proteomes in the hemolymph-filled coelom and salivary glands of caterpillars reared on plant material. We found that the quality and quantity of the identified proteins differed clearly between hemolymph-filled coelom, labial and mandibular glands. Our results indicated that even after molting and two-day feeding on a new diet, protein production is affected by the previous food source used by the caterpillar. Candidate proteins involved in chemosensory perception by insects were detected: three chemosensory (CSPs) and two odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). Using the relative amounts of these proteins across tissues and treatments as criteria for their classification, we detected hemolymph- and mandibular gland-specific CSPs and observed that their levels were affected by caterpillar diet. Moreover, we could compare the protein and transcript levels across tissues and treatment for at least one CSP and one OBP. Therefore, we have identified specific isoforms for testing the role of CSPs and OBPs in plant and pathogen recognition. We detected catalase, immune-related protein and serine proteases and their inhibitors in high relative levels in the mandibular glands in comparison to the labial glands. These findings suggest that the mandibular glands of caterpillars may play an important role protecting the caterpillar from oxidative stress, pathogens and aiding in digestion. Contamination with hemolymph proteins during dissection of salivary glands from caterpillars may occur but it is not substantial since the proteomes from hemolymph, mandibular and labial glands were easily discriminated from each other by principal component analysis of proteomic data.
Data from: Digital gene expression analyses of mammary glands from meat ewes naturally infected with clinical mastitis
Clinical mastitis in sheep has gravely restrained production performance for a long time. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and resistance in meat sheep mammary gland with clinical mastitis are not yet understood, especially for clinical mastitis caused by natural infection. In this work, RNA-seq was firstly used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in clinical mastitic mammary tissues (CMMTs) as compared to healthy mammary tissues (HMTs) from meat sheep flocks. We identified 420 DEGs including 316 up-regulated and 104 down-regulated genes in CMMTs. Gene Ontology annotation revealed these DEGs were mainly engaged in immune response, inflammation response, etc. Pathway enrichment showed they were primarily enriched in pathways relevant to inflammation, immune response and metabolism. Alternative splicing analysis showed most common differential splicing genes (DSGs) in CMMTs and HMTs were implicated in immune response. Immunostaining for two immune response-related proteins encoded by DEGs were mainly observed in mammary epithelium between CMMTs and HMTs, and their positive signals were more intensive in CMMTs. These findings provide experimental basis and reference for further researching the molecular genetic mechanisms particularly immune defense mechanisms of mammary gland in clinical ovine mastitis.
Data from: Early reproductive success in Drosophila males is dependent on maturity of the accessory gland
In a number of insect taxa, male sexual maturity is not always directly attained at adult eclosion. Sexual maturity is often defined behaviorally as mating success, or physiologically as the point when gametes are produced. Here, we show that the sexual maturation process in males is more complex than previously described and that a measure of maturity also needs to include post-mating traits. In many species mating success is tightly linked with size of the accessory gland (AG). The AG is the production site of a complex cocktail of proteins that are transferred to the female along with the sperm, and which impact on important functions for male reproductive success. Using Drosophila melanogaster we conducted comprehensive behavioral assays of several aspects of male reproductive fitness and demonstrated that the AG has to attain full maturity for males to reach full reproductive competence. We tested males from shortly after, and up to 6 days, post adult eclosion, and considered both pre- and post-copulatory traits. Young males are less likely to gain a mating and show significantly less courtship behavior. Young males that managed to obtain a mating however were inferior in many post-copulatory traits like sperm competitiveness and effectiveness in suppressing female remating. We monitored male AG development over the first 6 days after eclosion and found it to significantly increase in size over the entire period.
Data from: Hidden female physiological resistance to male accessory gland substances in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
To increase fertilization chances compared to rivals, males are favoured to transfer accessory gland proteins to females during mating. These substances, by influencing female physiology, cause alteration of her sperm usage and remating rate. Simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails with love-darts are a case in point. During courtship, a love-dart is pierced through the partner's body wall, thereby introducing accessory mucous gland products. This mucus physiologically increases paternity by inhibiting the digestion of donated sperm. The sperm, which are packaged in a spermatophore, are exchanged and received in an organ called the diverticulum. Because of its length, this organ was previously proposed to be a female anatomical adaptation that may limit the dart interference with the recipient's sperm usage. For reproductive success of the donor, an anatomically long spermatophore, relative to the partner's diverticulum, is beneficial since sperm can avoid digestion by exiting through the spermatophore's tail safely. However, the snail Eobania vermiculata possesses a diverticulum that is three times longer than the spermatophore it receives. Here we report that the love-dart mucus of this species contains a contraction-inducing substance that shortens the diverticulum, an effect that is only properly revealed when the mucus is applied to another helicid species, Cornu aspersum. This latter finding suggests that E. vermiculata may have evolved a physiological resistance to the manipulative substance received via the love-dart by becoming insensitive to it. This provides useful insight into evolution of female resistance to male manipulations, indicating that it can remain hidden if tested on a single-species.
Data from: Sialendoscopy enhances salivary gland function in Sjögren's syndrome: a 6 month follow-up, randomized and controlled, single blind study
Objectives: To assess the effect of sialendoscopy of the major salivary glands on salivary flow and xerostomia in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Methods: Forty nine SS patients were randomly assigned to a control group (n=15) and two intervention groups: irrigation of the major glands with saline (n=16) or with saline followed by triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in saline (n=18). Unstimulated whole saliva flow (UWS), chewing stimulated whole saliva flow (SWS), citric-acid stimulated parotid flow (SPF), Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS), Xerostomia Inventory score (XI), and EULAR SS Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) were obtained 1 week (T0) before, and 1(T1), 8(T8), 16(T16), and 24(T24) weeks after sialendoscopy. Results: Median baseline UWS, SWS and SPF scores were, respectively, 0.14, 0.46, and 0.22mL/min. After intervention, significant increases in UWS and SWS were observed in the saline group (at T8 (p=0.013) and T24 (p=0.004)) and the saline/TA group (at T24 (p=0.03) and T=16 (p=0.035). SPF was increased significantly in the saline/TA group at T24 (p=0.03). XI scores declined after sialendoscopy in both intervention groups. Compared to the control group, CODS, XI, and ESSPRI improved in the intervention groups. UWS, SWS, and SPF were higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group, but these differences were not significant except for SPF in the saline/TA group at T24 (p=0.005). Conclusions: Irrigation of the major salivary glands in SS patients enhances salivary flow and reduces xerostomia up to 6 months after sialendoscopy.
FIGURE 12. Metopina howseae Disney, female abdominal tergites 4–5 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)
FIGURE 12. Metopina howseae Disney, female abdominal tergites 4–5. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Eutermiphora abdominalis Lea, female abdominal terga 5–6 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)
FIGURE 4. Eutermiphora abdominalis Lea, female abdominal terga 5–6. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Iguanian species-richness in the Andes of boreal Patagonia: Evidence for an additional new Liolaemus lizard from Argentina lacking precloacal glands (Iguania, Liolaeminae)
FIGURE 2. Male (a) and female (b) of Liolaemus tregenzai in life.
FIGURE 4 in A remarkable new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) with massive, boldly coloured limb glands
FIGURE 4. Views of the habitat at the type locality of Callulina meteora sp. nov.
FIGURE 3 in A remarkable new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) with massive, boldly coloured limb glands
FIGURE 3. Sonograms of Callulina species.
FIGURES 3–4. Oecanthus lineolatus. 3 in A new species of Oecanthus and Oecanthus lineolatus Saussure, 1897 from Southern Brazil: species description, including phallic sclerites, metanotal glands and calling song (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae)
FIGURES 3–4. Oecanthus lineolatus. 3—male, habitus, dorsal view; 4—female, habitus, dorsal view,
Venom gland organogenesis in the common house spider
<p>This archive includes the R codes and data (i.e., kallisto pseudoalignments) to make the gene expression matrix and calculate the fold change. This was use to identify venom gland-specific genes which were used as markers. The file provided include:</p> <ul> <li>bulk_RNA-seq.zip: this folder contains the kallisto pseudoalignments and the genome annotation</li> <li>bulk_RNA-seq.Rmd: R markdown with the codes for the analysis</li> <li>bulk_RNA-seq.html: the knit from the R markdown</li> </ul> <p>In addition, this archive provides the images of the HCR experiments taken as z-stacks using a a Stellaris 5 White Light Laser (Leica Microsystems) inverted confocal microscope. Once unzipped the folder, the files can be opened using Fiji. The developmental stage and the HCR probe set are specified either in the file ot the images' names. There are two sets of multi-HCR experiments:</p> <ul> <li>set 1 includes: toxin (Alexa-488), <em>sum-1</em> (Alexa-647), and <em>Dll</em> (Alexa-594);</li> <li>set 2 included <em>sage</em> (Alexa-647) and <em>fkh</em> (Alexa-488).</li> </ul>
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT ENDOCRINE GLANDS: THEIR PATHOLOGIES, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND MODERN TREATMENT METHODS.
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 7 in Morphometry Of The Digestive Gland Of Terrestrial Mollusks Cornu Aspersum (Gastropoda, Helicidae)
Fig. 7. Structure of the digestive gland's capsule of Cornu aspersum with one layer of muscle bundles (Heidenhain's azan): layer of muscle bundles (1), layer of collagen fibers (2), collagen fibers in the muscle layer (3), epithelial layer (4), epithelial microciliae (5).
Data from: A novel mechanism of gland formation in zebrafish involving transdifferentiation of renal epithelial cells and live cell extrusion
Transdifferentiation is the poorly understood phenomenon whereby a terminally differentiated cell acquires a completely new identity. Here, we describe a rare example of a naturally occurring transdifferentiation in zebrafish in which kidney distal tubule epithelial cells are converted into an endocrine gland known as the Corpuscles of Stannius (CS). We find that this process requires Notch signalling and is associated with the cytoplasmic sequestration of the Hnf1b transcription factor, a master-regulator of renal tubule fate. A deficiency in the Irx3b transcription factor results in ectopic transdifferentiation of distal tubule cells to a CS identity but in a Notch-dependent fashion. Using live-cell imaging we show that CS cells undergo apical constriction en masse and are then extruded from the tubule to form a distinct organ. This system provides a valuable new model to understand the molecular and morphological basis of transdifferentiation and will ad vance efforts to exploit this rare phenomenon therapeutically.
Supplementary material 1 from: Pearsons K, Mikó I, Tooker J (2017) The cyanide gland of the greenhouse millipede, Oxidus gracilis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e12249. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e12249
Cyanide Gland Pore
Figure 3 from: Pearsons K, Mikó I, Tooker J (2017) The cyanide gland of the greenhouse millipede, Oxidus gracilis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e12249. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e12249
Figure 3 - Top view of the juvenile millipede; the bright field in the lower flange is a gland storage chamber.
Figure 4 from: Pearsons K, Mikó I, Tooker J (2017) The cyanide gland of the greenhouse millipede, Oxidus gracilis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e12249. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e12249
Figure 4 - Top/rotated view of the juvenile millipede. SC = storage chamber, RC = reaction chamber, MV = muscularized valve connecting the two chambers.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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