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544 results for “life-history”
West Nile Virus evolves at the pace of its avian hosts' life-history
<p>Disease resistant hosts are central in the spread, persistence, adaptation and diversification of infectious pathogens. In theory, resistant hosts must compromise on reproduction and invest more energy in self maintenance and immune defence. Here we investigated these hypotheses on the emergence of West Nile Virus (WNV) from 1999 to 2012 in the United States, when the virus caused mass mortality in some bird species. Our study comprehends two steps: First, we used regression tree meta-analysis on 233 reports of dead birds from 90 species, to test correlations between WNV-linked mortality and the birds' life history and ecological traits. Second, we tested links between diversification of WNV and the reproductive investment and self-maintenance of its avian hosts, by analysing the phylogeography of 520 genome sequences of WNV from 1999 to 2012. Statistical analyses revealed less WNV-linked mortality in both, species that incubate their eggs for few days (>17) and large species (>235g). The evolutionary trajectory of the virus suggests that there was no special viral strain infecting the most and the less vulnerable species. However, by 2012 the WNV strains found in large birds like American crows (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>) diversified and evolved separately from the rest. Together, our findings support that hosts' reproductive investment impairs disease resistance, and hosts investing in self-maintenance may lead WNV diversification.</p>
Data from: Rapid divergence and convergence of life-history in experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster
Laboratory selection experiments are alluring in their simplicity, power, and ability to inform us about how evolution works. A longstanding challenge facing evolution experiments with metazoans is that significant generational turnover takes a long time. In this work, we present data from a unique system of experimentally evolved laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that have experienced three distinct life-history selection regimes. The goal of our study was to determine how quickly populations of a certain selection regime diverge phenotypically from their ancestors, and how quickly they converge with independently derived populations that share a selection regime. Our results indicate that phenotypic divergence from an ancestral population occurs rapidly, within dozens of generations, regardless of that population's evolutionary history. Similarly, populations sharing a selection treatment converge on common phenotypes in this same time frame, regardless of selection pressures those populations may have experienced in the past. These patterns of convergence and divergence emerged much faster than expected, suggesting that intermediate evolutionary history has transient effects in this system. The results we draw from this system are applicable to other experimental evolution projects, and suggest that many relevant questions can be sufficiently tested on shorter timescales than previously thought.
Data from: A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations
The extent to which evolutionary change occurs in a predictable manner under field conditions and how evolutionary changes feed back to influence ecological dynamics are fundamental, yet unresolved, questions. To address these issues, we established eight replicate populations of native common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Each population was planted with 18 genotypes in identical frequency. By tracking genotype frequencies with microsatellite DNA markers over the subsequent three years (up to three generations, ≈5,000 genotyped plants), we show rapid and consistent evolution of two heritable plant life-history traits (shorter life span and later flowering time). This rapid evolution was only partially the result of differential seed production; genotypic variation in seed germination also contributed to the observed evolutionary response. Since evening primrose genotypes exhibited heritable variation for resistance to insect herbivores, which was related to flowering time, we predicted that evolutionary changes in genotype frequencies would feed back to influence populations of a seed predator moth that specializes on O. biennis. By the conclusion of the experiment, variation in the genotypic composition among our eight replicate field populations was highly predictive of moth abundance. These results demonstrate how rapid evolution in field populations of a native plant can influence ecological interactions.
Data from: Conserved G-matrices of morphological and life-history traits among continental and island blue tit populations
The genetic variance–covariance matrix (G-matrix) summarizes the genetic architecture of multiple traits. It has a central role in the understanding of phenotypic divergence and the quantification of the evolutionary potential of populations. Laboratory experiments have shown that G-matrices can vary rapidly under divergent selective pressures. However, because of the demanding nature of G-matrix estimation and comparison in wild populations, the extent of its spatial variability remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate spatial variation in G-matrices for morphological and life-history traits using long-term data sets from one continental and three island populations of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) that have experienced contrasting population history and selective environment. We found no evidence for differences in G-matrices among populations. Interestingly, the phenotypic variance–covariance matrices (P) were divergent across populations, suggesting that using P as a substitute for G may be inadequate. These analyses also provide the first evidence in wild populations for additive genetic variation in the incubation period (that is, the period between last egg laid and hatching) in all four populations. Altogether, our results suggest that G-matrices may be stable across populations inhabiting contrasted environments, therefore challenging the results of previous simulation studies and laboratory experiments.
Data from: Exploitation of the same trophic link favors convergence of larval life-history strategies in complex life cycle helminths
Switching from one host to the next is a critical life history transition in parasites with complex life cycles. Growth and mortality rates are thought to influence the optimal time and size at transmission, but these rates are difficult to measure in parasites. The parasite life cycle, in particular the trophic link along which transmission occurs, may be a reasonable proxy for these rates, leading to the hypothesis that life cycle should shape life history strategy. We compiled data on the size and age at infectivity for trophically-transmitted helminths (i.e. acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes), and then categorized species into trophic links (e.g. planktonic crustaceans to fish, insects to terrestrial vertebrates, etc.). Comparative analyses that explicitly included stabilizing selection within trophic links fit the data significantly better than random walk models, indicating that parasites with different life cycles have different optimal times/sizes for host switching. The major helminth groups have often independently evolved similar life cycles, and we show that this has frequently led to convergent and/or parallel evolution of size and age at infectivity. This suggests that for particular life cycles there are universal optimal transmission strategies, applicable to widely divergent taxa, although the cases of parallelism might indicate that lineage-specific constraints sometimes prevent evolution to a single adaptive peak.
Data from: Conserved G-matrices of morphological and life-history traits among continental and island blue tit populations
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Data from: Rapid divergence and convergence of life-history in experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: No ecological opportunity signal on a continental scale? Diversification and life-history evolution of African true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
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Data from: A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations
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Data from: Exploitation of the same trophic link favors convergence of larval life-history strategies in complex life cycle helminths
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Data from: Effects of demographic stochasticity and life-history strategies on times and probabilities to fixation
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West Nile Virus evolves at the pace of its avian hosts’ life-history
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Diet-induced plasticity of life-history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population
GEO Series GSE241397. Drosophila melanogaster. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Figure 1 in Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 1 Growth-line counts in tyrannosaurids and reptiles of known ages. a, Thinsectioned Gorgosaurus fibula (FMNH PR 2211). The growth record in this element is complete and shows five growth lines (arrows), indicating that it died early in its sixth year of life. b, Haematoxylin-stained fibula from an 8-year-old alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) showing the expected seven growth lines. Inset, gastralia (unstained) from 9-year-old A. mississippiensis showing the expected eight growth lines and the chemical label used to verify the periodicity of ring formation. c, Tyrannosaurus rib (FMNH PR 2081) showing the 15th to 19th growth lines. Inset, external fundamental system16 with nine tightly spaced growth lines, indicating late-adulthood senescence and growthrate attenuation.
Figure 2 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 2. Spermatic cysts of Cliona tenuis. (A) Distribution of sexual propagules in the tissue; (B) high magnification view of the spermatic cysts containing spermatocysts at the second stage of development.
Figure 4 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 4. Annual variation in the reproductive output of Cliona tenuis, and water temperature at Glover's Atoll, Belize. Vertical lines depict standard error.
Figure 8 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 8. Drawings of development stages of the three anterior anal fin pterygiophores in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L3: 3.9 mm standard length (SL), 15 days post-hatching (dph). B, L4: 4.6 mm SL, 19 dph. C, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone. Abbreviations: dr, distal radial; pr, proximal radial. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Figure 4 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 4. Detailed photographs of the anterior vertebral column of a cleared and stained specimen of Mugil cephalus (DMM IE/16314; L6: 6.5 mm standard length). A, dorsal view. B, dorsolateral view of the right side. Abbreviations: ec, epicentral; ep, epipleural; pa, parapophysis; ri, rib; vc, vertebral centrum. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Figure 6 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 6. Drawings of development stages of the pectoral girdle in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L1: 3.0 mm notochord length (NL), 14 days post-hatching (dph). B, L3: 3.6 mm NL, 18 dph. C, L4: 4.4 mm standard length (SL), 19 dph. D, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone. Abbreviations: cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; co-sc, coracoscapular cartilage; dr, distal radial; pcd, dorsal postcleithrum; pcv, ventral postcleithrum; pr, proximal radial; ptm, posttemporal; sc, scapula; su, supracleithrum. Scale bars: 200 µm.
FIG. 5 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 5. Pyrgauchenia pendleburyi. (A, B) Habitus right lateral and frontal view: (A) holotype male; (B) female. (C±E) Distal lobes of anterior process of pronotum: (C) left lateral view; (D, E) anterodorsal view of male and female, respectively (dotted line indicates median carina). (F±H) Aedeagus, posterior, left lateral and apical view, respectively (holotype: (F) left, (G) right, (H) lower) (broken line in (G) indicates gonoduct). (I) Left style, lateral view (upper: holotype); broken line indicates membrane connecting styles. (J) Left style in posterior view, i.e. as indicated by arrowhead in ®gure 2I (left: holotype) (line indicates median plane).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.