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Figure 29 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 29. Peristomatic structures of Dignathodontidae (A–E) and Aphilodontidae (F–H). A, B, Henia vesuviana. A, overview of epipharynx (anterior to top), upper inset showing transition between parallel ridges and dense field of spines on lateral clypeal part, lower inset showing band of sensilla coeloconica on proximal clypeal part; B, frontal view of hypopharynx (dorsal to top); arrows and inset point to conical sensilla amidst distal spine field on paramedian lips. C–E, Dignathodon microcephalus. C, overview of epipharynx (anterior to top); inset shows a sensillum coeloconicum from field of sensilla on clypeal part; D, frontal view of hypopharynx (dorsal to top); E, ventral view on backside of hypopharynx (anterior to top), showing bilobate distal tip. F–H, Aphilodon weberi. F, overview of epipharynx (anterior to top); G, frontal–distal view of hypopharynx (dorsal to top); H, backside of hypopharynx (anterior to top). Abbreviations: cl, clypeus; cp, clypeal part of epipharynx; fu, fulcrum; hb, hypopharyngeal bar of fulcrum; lp, labral part of epipharynx; lsp, labral side-piece; mi, median incision on hypopharyngeal backside; mo, mouth.

Figure 26 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 26. Mandibles of Geophilidae. A, B, Pachymerium ferrugineum. A, mesial view on gnathal edge of left mandible (anterior to right, dorsal to top); B, lateral view on gnathal lobe of left mandible (anterior to left, dorsal to top). C, E, Geophilus carpophagus. C, mesial view on gnathal edge of left mandible (anterior to right, dorsal to top); E, transition of pectinate lamella into branching spines on ventral margin. D, Clinopodes flavidus, ventral view on gnathal lobe of left mandible (anterior to top). F, Steneurytion antipodum, mesial view on gnathal edge of left mandible (anterior to right, dorsal to top). Abbreviations: co, condyle; pl, pectinate lamella; vm, ventral margin of gnathal lobe.

Figure 32 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 32. One of two shortest cladograms under implied weights (k = 1–7), showing character optimizations. All transformations shown are unambiguous changes. Black boxes are non-homoplastic changes, white boxes homoplastic. Nodes lacking strict support were collapsed.

Figure 2 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 2. Light micrographs of peristomatic structures of Geophilomorpha. A-D, Dicellophilus carniolensis. A, overview of epipharynx; B, left fulcrum and bucca (ventral view); C, overview of hypopharynx (frontal view); D, apex of hypopharynx (ventral view), showing sclerotized bars between lateral and median lobes. E, Plesioschendyla confossa, overview of epipharynx. F, Hydroschendyla submarina, overview of epipharynx. G, Himantarium gabrielis, ventral view on anterior half of head capsule after dissection of mouthparts. H, Gonibregmatus anguinus, ventral view on anterior half of head capsule after dissection of mouthparts. Abbreviations: bc, bucca; cl, clypeal part of clypeolabrum; cp, clypeal part of epipharynx; eb, epipharyngeal bar of fulcrum; ep, epipharynx; fu, fulcrum; hb, hypopharyngeal bar of fulcrum; hy, hypopharynx; lp, labral part of epipharynx; lsp, labral side-piece or side parts; no, notch between lateral and mesial lobes of hypopharynx; ph, pharynx; pl, cephalic pleurite; sf, sclerite of hypopharyngeal furrow; st, stilus; tb, transverse bar of fulcrum.

Figure 1. Hydroschendyla submarina, 3D in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 1. Hydroschendyla submarina, 3D reconstructions of the head (antennae cut off at their base and forcipules removed) based on histological sections (volume rendering), showing the position of the regions of interest of the present study. A, complete head reconstruction in oblique-frontal view; rectangle indicates the position where heads were sliced into two halves to examine epi- and hypopharynx by SEM; B, anterior half of the head, oblique view from behind on epipharynx; C, posterior half of the head, same view as in A but with the anterior half removed to show the hypopharynx and mandibular gnathal lobes. Abbreviations: an, antenna; br, brain; ep, epipharynx; hy, hypopharynx; md, mandible; mo, mouth; mx I, first maxilla; mx II, second maxilla.

Figure 6 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 6. Homologies proposed for most anterior lophids of penta- and tetralophodont lower molars; A-C, sensu Patterson & Wood (1982) and Carvalho & Salles (2004); A, penta-; B, tetra- (Pattern I); and C, tetralophodont (Pattern II) lower molars; D-F, according to this study; D, penta-; E, tetra- (Pattern I); and F, tetralophodont (Pattern II) lower molars.

Figure 2 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 2. Pentalophodont dp4 in occlusal view of living echimyids. A, Mesomys hispidus (MN 27956); B, Lonchothrix emiliae (MN 4856, reversed); C, Echimys chrysurus (MACN 31161); D, Myocastor coypus (MPS-Z060). Not to scale.

Figure 1 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 1. Primary homology hypotheses for the lophids of pentalophodont deciduous teeth (dp4) in caviomorphs. A, as proposed by Patterson & Wood (1982) and Carvalho & Salles, (2004); B, as proposed by Candela (2002).

Figure 9. A, strict consensus from 50 MPTs obtained from Analysis I in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 9. A, strict consensus from 50 MPTs obtained from Analysis I; B, strict consensus from 9 MPTs obtained from Analysis II. Only unambiguous synapomorphies are shown.

Figure 3 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 3. Pentalophodont dp4 in occlusal view of extinct octodontoids. A, Plasiacarechimys koenigswaldi (MLP 91-V-1-19); B, Acarechimys constans (type specimen MLP 15-391); C, Protacaremys sp. (MLP 85-VII-131, from Candela, 2002, fig. 7A); D, Paramyocastor diligens (=Isomyopotamus albañiri, holotype MLP 46-V-13-104). A, B, and D: reversed. Not to scale.

Figure 5 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 5. Tetralophodont dp4 in living and extinct Echimyidae. A, Thrichomys apereoides, (MACN 20.61); B, Kannabateomys amblyonyx (MACN 51.47); C, Eumysops sp. (MLP 91-IV-6-5, reversed); D, Trinomys gratiosus bonafidei (from Carvalho & Salles, 2004: fig. 6); E, Euryzygomatomys spinosus (MACN 23.656); F, Theridomysops parvulus (type specimen MACN 8379). Not to scale.

Figure 4 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 4. Homologies proposed for most anterior lophids of penta- and tetralophodont dp4. A-C, sensu Patterson & Wood (1982) and Carvalho & Salles (2004); A, penta-; B, tetra- (Pattern I); and C, tetralophodont (Pattern II) dp4; D-F, according to this study; D, penta-; E, tetra-(Pattern I); and F, tetralophodont (Pattern II) dp4.

Figure 10 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 10. Common mapping of characters 1-5 (A) and 13-14 (B) on the strict consensus obtained from Analysis II, showing evolution of dp4 (A), and lower molar (B) patterns.

Figure 7 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 7. Lower cheek teeth of living and extinct echimyids. A, Paramyocastor diligens (=Isomyopotamus albañiri, holotype MLP 46-V-13-104, dp4-m3); B, Tramyocastor andiai (type specimen PVR 1134, m2-3); C, Myocastor coypus (MPS-Z060); D, Proechimys sp. (MACN 50.382); E, Lonchothrix emiliae (MN 4856, reversed); F, Eumysops sp. (MLP 91-IV-6-5, reversed); G, Thrichomys apereoides (MACN 20.61); H, Kannabateomys amblyonyx (MACN 51.47); I, Echimys chrysurus (MACN 31161). Not to scale.

Figure 8 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution

Figure 8. Lower cheek teeth of extinct octodontoids. A, Plesiacarechimys koenigswaldi (MLP 91-V-1-22, left m1-3 series); B, Galileomys antelucanus (m1 or 2, from Vucetich & Kramarz, 2003); C, Willidewu esteparius (type specimen MLP 88-V-30-1, m2-3). Not to scale.

Figure 3 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 3. Digital reconstructions and computed tomography (CT) slices of bovid skulls, illustrating the frontal sinuses and related anatomy, in Nanger granti (A–C; YPM 11526), Cephalophus leucogaster (D, F; AMNH 52802), and Raphicerus campestris (E, G; YPM 10276). In C, note the distinct frontal sinus that invades the trabecular bone, is bounded by cortical bone on all sides, and is distinctly separated from the olfactory turbinals below. This contrasts with the condition in E, in which a distinct recess above the olfactory turbinals is pressed into the frontal bone, but does not actually invade the trabecular bone. In D, no recess exists at all, and the space beneath the frontals is entirely occupied by turbinals. The dashed lines in A, F, and G indicate the approximate positions of the coronal CT slices in C, D, and E, respectively. The boxed areas in A and B indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 6 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 6. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Bubalus depressicornis (A–B; AMNH 152684), Bison bison (C–D; YPM 9023), and Budorcas taxicolor (E–F; AMNH 110476), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (B, C, E) and dorsal (A, D, F) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horns have been truncated in C–F. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 9 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 9. Digital reconstructions from CT scan data of the skulls of Taurotragus oryx (A–B; YPM 10471), Aepyceros melampus (C–D; YPM 9597), Oreotragus oreotragus (E–F; AMNH 27827), and Pantholops hodgsonii (G–H; AMNH 55819), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A and B, and they are truncated in C–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 1 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 1. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a supertree published by Fernández & Vrba (2005). Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).

Figure 8 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 8. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Hippotragus niger (A–B; AMNH 83606) and Kobus ellipsyprymnus (C–D; YPM 9101), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered on A and B, and the horns were truncated on all images. Scale bars: 5 cm.