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FIGURE 33 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 33. Preserved holotype specimens of newly named species in the M. betsileanus clade. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 39 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 39. Audiospectrogram and corresponding oscillogram of a 1000 ms section of one advertisement call (call duration 1545 ms) of Mantidactylus tripunctatus, recorded February 1991 near Tolagnaro. Recording bandpass-filtered at 1200–4100 Hz.

FIGURE 34 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 34. Mantidactylus betsileanus in life, in anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral view. (a,b,c) Adult male from Andasibe, photographed in 1991. (d) Adult male from Andasibe, photographed in situ in a small cavity next to a swamp where it was emitting its call, photographed in 1991. (e,f) Adult male from Mahasoa, photographed in 2008. (g,h) Adult male from Andasibe, photographed in 1995. Note in the ventral views the relatively small femoral glands, with the distal ulcerous macroglands placed at considerable distances from each other, which constitutes a typical character state of this species; and in the frontal view (a), the white dot on the snout tip which is typical for this and several allied species.

FIGURE 10 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 10. Mantidactylus curtus in life, in dorsolateral and ventral view. (a,b) Female specimen (ZSM 768/2001 = FGMV 2001.489) from Itremo, photographed in 2001 (note the almost complete absence of femoral glands). (c,d) Probable female (note small femoral glands) from Antoetra, photographed in 2003. (e,f), Probable female (ZSM 758/2001 = FGMV 2001.423; note rather small femoral glands) from Mount Ibity/Col des Tapias, photographed in 2001.

FIGURE 8 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 8. Heat map of Brygoomantis species distribution overlap (plotted as minimum convex polygons). This map is only based on species that are recorded from more than two localities (i.e. those for which a polygon could be plotted).

FIGURE 4 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 4. Network based on sequences of the nuclear-encoded Rag-1 gene (alignment length 351 bp) from 265 specimens of Brygoomantis. The network was built from phased alleles, i.e. each sample is represented twice. The size of circles is proportional to the number of sequences with the same allele. Small black dots represent hypothetical haplotypes (not sampled or extinct) separating sampled haplotypes, when they differ by more than one mutational step.

FIGURE 7 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 7. Mantidactylus subgenus Brygoomantis species distribution based on verified records, divided by clade (Mantidactylus stelliger sp. nov. is presented alongside the inaudax clade for practicality). Colours for species correspond to those in Figs 2 and 4. Inset map shows the geographic regions of Madagascar identified by Boumans et al. (2007), referred to throughout the text.

FIGURE 6 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 6. Overview of morphometrics of Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis) species. Points and boxplots are coloured by sex (purple = female, blue = male), with sample size per sex given beside the taxon names. Species are arranged according to the main clades to which they belong according to our phylogenomic analysis. SVL is repeated in the upper and lower panels to enable the reader to access relevant information quickly.

FIGURE 5 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Maximum-Likelihood tree based on a partitioned analysis of 12,818 nuclear-encoded markers obtained via the FrogCap strategy, calculated with IQ-tree, for 58 representative individuals of species-level lineages in the subgenus Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis). Note that three species are missing from this analysis (M. bletzae sp. nov., M. marintsoai sp. nov., and M. riparius sp. nov.) and the identity of the two samples of M. katae sp. nov. in this tree is uncertain. For those lineages that previously (Perl et al. 2014; Vieites et al. 2009) had candidate species numbers assigned, these are reported in parenthesis after the name used in the classification proposed herein. All branches were fully supported by SH-like approximate likelihood ratio tests with 1000 pseudoreplicates (100% support, symbolized by black dots at nodes). The tree was rooted with Mantidactylus grandidieri (subgenus Mantidactylus) as outgroup (removed from graphical representation for better visualization of ingroup relationships), with the inclusion of M. melanopleura (subgenus Chonomantis) as hierarchical outgroup. Red arrows in the M. curtus clade indicate the two reticulation events detected by a Phylonetworks analysis performed separately for this clade (note that the topology recovered by this analysis in the Phylonetworks analysis differs in the position of M. bourgati; see original results of the Phylonetworks analysis in Zenodo repository, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.668741

FIGURE 2 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree of 1305 sequences of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (alignment length 519 bp) from a RAxML analysis. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap proportions in percent (100 ML fast bootstrap replicates); not shown if <50%. A sequence of Mantidactylus melanopleura was used as the outgroup (removed from the tree after analysis for better graphical representation). Note that some of the 'Museomics' sequences (obtained by targeted capture from historical type specimens) are represented twice, after assembly with different reference sequences. Some sequences in the analysis (several 'Museomics' sequences as well as others obtained from Illumina sequencing) only partially covered the fragment analysed (226 sequences <300 bp). We emphasize that this tree is based on a single short mitochondrial marker and therefore is unlikely to represent the deep relationships among lineages correctly; for such relationships, refer to the phylogenomic tree (Fig. 5).

FIGURE 1 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 1. Graphic scheme indicating (a) regions of the body and (b) morphometrics measurements of Mantidactylus specimens of the subgenus Brygoomantis (exemplified by a specimen of M. ulcerosus), as referred to in the descriptions of morphology and tables throughout the manuscript. Labels in (a) refer to regions of the body and not necessarily to anatomical features. Femoral gland terminology as explained in the text. Measurement abbreviations in (b) are explained in the text; FORL (stretched forelimb length), HIL (stretched hindlimb length), and FOTL (foot length including tarsus) are not shown.

FIGURE 3 in An inordinate fondness for inconspicuous brown frogs: integration of phylogenomics, archival DNA analysis, morphology, and bioacoustics yields 24 new taxa in the subgenus Brygoomantis (genus Mantidactylus) from Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Distribution of uncorrected pairwise genetic distances for a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, in an alignment of 976 sequences, complete or almost complete for 488 bp.

Figs 56–60 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 56–60. Tipula (Vestiplex) nestor Alexander, 1934, ♂, AQNU. 56. Head, dorsal view. 57. Thorax, dorsal view. 58. Thorax, lateral view. 59. Wing. 60. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figs 16–20 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 16–20. Tipula (Vestiplex) medialobata sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-YN0501). 16. Head, dorsal view. 17. Thorax, dorsal view. 18. Thorax, lateral view. 19. Wing. 20. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figs 41–45 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 41–45. Tipula (Vestiplex) singularis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-YN0502). 41. Head, dorsal view. 42. Thorax, dorsal view. 43. Thorax, lateral view. 44. Wing. 45. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figs 28–32 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 28–32. Tipula (Vestiplex) paramonovi sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-XZ3769). 28. Head, dorsal view. 29. Thorax, dorsal view. 30. Thorax, lateral view. 31. Wing. 32. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Figs 21–27 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 21–27. Tipula (Vestiplex) medialobata sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-YN0501). 21. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 22. Hypopygium, lateral view. 23. Hypopygium, ventral view. 24. Right lobe and clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. 25. Ejaculatory apodeme of semen pump. 26. Semen pump, lateral view. 27. Semen pump, dorsal view. Scale bars: 21–23 = 1.0 mm; 24 = 0.5 mm; 25–27 = 1.2 mm.

Figs 6–15 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 6–15. Tipula (Vestiplex) cibagouensis sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-XZ3768). 6. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 7. Tergite nine, ventral view. 8. Hypopygium, lateral view. 9. Hypopygium, ventral view. 10. Left lobe and clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. 11. Dorsal lobe of A9S. 12. Ejaculatory apodeme of semen pump. 13. Semen pump, lateral view. 14. Semen pump, dorsal view. 15. Apex of aedeagus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: 6–11 = 0.5 mm; 12–14 = 0.6 mm; 15 = 0.25.

Figs 33–40 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 33–40. Tipula (Vestiplex) paramonovi sp. nov., ♂, holotype (coll. Inse-XZ3769). 33. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 34. Hypopygium, lateral view. 35. Hypopygium, ventral view. 36. Left lobe and clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. 37. Dorsal lobe of A9S. 38. Ejaculatory apodeme of semen pump. 39. Semen pump, lateral view. 40. Semen pump, dorsal view. Scale bars: 33–36 = 1.0 mm; 37–40 = 1.2 mm.

Figs 1–5 in Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China

Figs 1–5. Tipula (Vestiplex) cibagouensis sp. nov.,♂, holotype (coll. Inse-XZ3768). 1. Head, dorsal view. 2. Thorax, dorsal view. 3. Thorax, lateral view. 4. Wing. 5. Abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.