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Figure 13 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 13. Anatomy of ctenidia in the Pterioidea. Transverse histological section (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain). Homorhabdic ctenidia: A, Isognomon alatus (AMNH 298023, 43.41 mm); B, Malleus (Malvufundus) candeanus (AMNH 299406, 33.4 mm height); heterorhabdic ctenidia: C, Pteria sterna (AMNH 311731, 84.0 mm). Abbreviations: ct, ctenidium; d, demibranch; ilj, interlamellar junction; l, gill lamellae; ogf, ordinary gill filaments; pgf, principal gill filaments; pl, plica. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 10 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 10. Association of ascending lamellae of inner demibranchs. Frontal histological section of ctenidia (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain), Pinctada longisquamosa (AMNH 298904, 16.0 mm). Abbreviations: cj, extent of cilial junction; ld, upper edge of ascending lamella of left demibranch; rd, upper edge of ascending lamella of right demibranch; tf, area of tissue fusion. Scale bar = 0.01 mm.

Figure 9 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 9. Serial tissue fusion of filaments at ventralmost edge of demibranch margins. Transverse histological section of ctenidia (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain). A, extensive interfilamentar serial fusion of gill filaments, Malleus (Malvufundus) candeanus (AMNH 299406, 33.4 mm height); B, interfilamental serial fusion limited to a transient narrow bridge, Isognomon alatus (AMNH 298023, 43.41 mm). Abbreviations: ogf, ordinary gill filaments; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 3 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 3. Previous ideas on the phylogeny of the Pterioidea. A, the phylogeny of the 'Aviculidae and their allies' by Jackson (1890: 391) after his genealogical table. Only the relevant part of the tree is shown. For clarity, outdated generic names are replaced with currently accepted names and the genera of Pinnoidea, Pseudomonotidae, Inoceramidae, and Ostreoidea are collapsed without altering the original topology. The Recent pterioidean taxa, the main subject of the present work, are highlighted in bold. The non-pterioidean taxa having their origin in Jackson's Pteria have been removed in subsequent revisions, as indicated in Table 1. B, proposed sister groups of the Pterioidea (see text for details).

Figure 11 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 11. Ctenidia–mantle junction. Frontal histological section (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/Schiff's trichrome stain). Pinctada longisquamosa (AMNH 298904, 16.0 mm). Abbreviations: cj, cilial junction; ct, ctenidium (upper edge of ascending lamella of outer demibranch); m, mantle; ogf, ordinary gill filaments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 1 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Figure 1. Diversity of shell morphology in the Pterioidea. Major features of the shell, showing the exterior of the right valve and the interior of the left valve [frontal view is shown in (G)]. The shells are arranged with the hinge axis orientated horizontally and anterior to the right. A, Isognomon alatus (AMNH 100419, 46.9 mm); B, Pinctada mazatlanica (AMNH 311788, 58.6 mm); C, Crenatula modiolaris (AMNH 27950, 49.0 mm); D, Pteria sterna (AMNH 311789, 58.0 mm); E, Electroma alacorvi (USNM 675754, 48.1 mm); F, Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.6 mm); G, Malleus anatinus (MNHN Expédition Montrouzier September 1993, Stn 1261, 44.38 mm height); H, Malleus (Malvufundus) candeanus (MCZ 340681, 69.9 mm height); I, Vulsella vulsella (AMNH 27884, 84.2 mm). For clarity, specific structures are labelled only on a single image where best observed. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, posterior adductor muscle scar; bn, byssal notch; br, byssal ridge; ccs, commarginal calcitic scales; cl, calcitic lamellae; cps, commarginal periostracal scales; fo, foramen; hl, hinge line; lg, ligament; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pr, pallial ridge; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial stripes; u, umbo; um, undulating shell margins; vr, visceral rim.

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Fig. 5. A recently founded cleaning station with a in The glassy sweepers' way: seeking a versatile wrasse to be cleaned

Fig. 5. A recently founded cleaning station with a very small Noronha wrasse (Thalassoma noronhanum) hovering amidst a small group of posing brown chromis (Chromis multilineata).

Figure 6 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 6. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the morphology data set. A, majority rule consensus topology of four equally parsimonious trees. Numbers above branches represent non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. Species groups and subgenera recognized by Taylor (1969) are indicated as follows: E = Elegans group, FB = Funebris group, FR = Furiosus group, H = Hildebrandi group, M = Miurus group, N = Noturus, R = Rabida, S = Schilbeodes. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.

Figure 8 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 8. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the combined (morphology + cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding Noturus trautmani. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below branches correspond to node numbers in Table 2 which outlines partitioned Bremer (1988) support for each node. Nodes recovered in the morphologyonly analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square. Clades recognized in this study are indicated as follows: a = albater, e = elegans, fb = funebris, fr = furiosus, g = gyrinus, h = hildebrandi, r = rabida. B, Bayesian consensus topology from analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding N. trautmani. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95. Nodes recovered with posterior probabilities ± 0.95 in the morphology-only analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square.

Figure 7 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 7. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the molecular (cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analysis. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.

Figure 5. A, B in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 5. A, B, tripus and os suspensor, ventral view, anterior at top. A, Noturus maydeni, JFBM 40815; B, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. C–E, caudal vertebrae, lateral view, anterior at left. C, N. funebris, JFBM 43002; D, N. gladiator, JFBM 40771; E, N. elegans, JFBM 41047. c1 = vertebral centrum 1; CC1 = complex centrum – Weberian apparatus; osus = os suspensor; tr = tripus. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 4. Weberian complex and associated dorsal fin structures, dorsal view, anterior at bottom. A, Noturus munitus, JFBM 43107; B, N. maydeni, JFBM 39170; C, N. gilberti, JFBM 42496; D, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. dsp1 = dorsal fin spine 1; dsp2 = dorsal fin spine 2; np1 = nuchal plate 1; np2 = nuchal plate 2; ns4 = neural spine 4; pr1 = proximal radial 1; tp4 = transverse process fourth vertebra; tp5 = transverse process fifth vertebra. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 2. Suspensorium, lateral view, anterior at left. A, Noturus elegans, JFBM 41047; B, N. gladiator, JFBM 40771; C, N. insignis, JFBM 43239; D, N. funebris, JFBM 41501. enp = endopterygoid; h = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mpt = metapterygoid; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 3. A, B in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 3. A, B, pectoral girdle, ventral view, anterior at top. A, Noturus munitus, JFBM 43107; B, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. C–E, posttemporo-supracleithrum, posterior view, anterior into page. C, N. munitus, JFBM 43107; D, N. eleutherus, JFBM 43055; E, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. cl = cleithrum; pr = pectoral radial; ps = pectoral fin spine; sco = scapulo-coracoid. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Cartilage shown by grey shading. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)

Figure 1. Neurocranium and associated laterosensory canals, dorsal view, anterior at top. A, Noturus albater, JFBM 39350; B, N. eleutherus, JFBM 43055; C, N. insignis, JFBM 41247; D, N. funebris, JFBM 41501. ep = epioccipital; f = frontal; le = lateral ethmoid; me = mesethmoid; n = nasal; pa-so = parieto-supraoccipital; pto = pterotic; spo = sphenotic. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Cartilage shown by grey shading. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 20 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 20. Bellulopora bellula (Osburn), Recent, Florida, Atlantic Ocean, NHM 1986.8.14.20. A, ovicell at colony growing edge. B, complete ovicell. C, interior of the ovicell, showing part of the peristome underlying the ovicell opening. D, basal pore chamber (centre bottom), two costal pores and intercostal fusions. E, interior of the ovicell; lower part is the cavity of a kenozooid (floor partly visible) that communicates with its pore chambers through the pores; upper part is the brooding cavity. F, higher magnification of the boundary between the wall of the cavity of the kenozooid (lower right) and the internal wall of an ovicell rib (upper left). Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C-E = 50 Mm; F = 5 Mm.

Figure 12 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 12. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks), photographed wet; Recent, Australia. A, autozooids and two ovicells (top left and bottom right). B, ovicell showing costal banding. C, slightly oblique view of ovicell (orientated top left to bottom right), showing lateral foramen (black slit) parallel to the lateral ovicell groove. D, another ovicell (orientated bottom right to top left), with costal coelomic lumens visible as pale bands in the ovicell roof. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm, B-D = 200 Mm.

Figure 6 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 6. Stichomicropora oceani (d'Orbigny), Lower Cenomanian, Sarthe, France, NHM D55549. A, growing edge of a colony, showing pore chambers and intrazooecial budding style. B, nonbrooding zooids, with oral and proximal mural spines. C, oblique view of the colony, with brooding and nonbrooding zooids. D, orifice of maternal zooid and ovicell spine bases arranged in a distally concave arch along the mural rim of the distal zooid, apart from the outermost spine bases which are slightly separated from the mural rim. Scale bars: A = 250 Mm; B, C = 100 Mm; D = 50 Mm.

Figure 13 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 13. Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks) sensu lato, Recent, Chios, Mediterranean, NHM 1975.1.12.405pt. A, group of zooids with two complete and one incomplete ovicell. B, ovicell showing maternal zooid, distal zooid with orifice plugged by operculum, and lateral foramina. C, incomplete ovicell with cryptocystal overgrowths on the gymnocystal ovicell floor. D, complete ovicell. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B-D = 200 Mm.

Figure 4. A in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 4. A, Distelopora langi Ostrovsky & Taylor, fragment of a colony, with two broken ovicells showing ovicell spine bases in a gently curved arch; medial spine bases are adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid. Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England, NHM D23111. B-D, Distelopora spinifera Ostrovsky & Taylor; Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. B, part of a colony, showing spine bases of three ovicells; NHM D21651. C, ovicell spine bases arranged in a semicircle, the medial spines adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21667. D, poorly preserved ovicell in which the medial spine bases are some distance from the mural rim of the distal zooid; NHM D21897. Scale bars: A, B = 100 Mm; C, D = 25 Mm.