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FIGURE 4 in Rhomeocalpsua torosa gen. et sp. nov., a unique lineage of Endomychidae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea)

FIGURE 4. Details of Rhomeocalpsua torosa Li, Tomaszewska & Cai, gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NIGP180054, under confocal microscopy. A, Head, dorsal view. B, Head, ventral view. C, Antenna, dorsal view. D, Antenna, ventral view. E, Mesothorax, ventral view. F, Abdominal base, ventral view. G, Abdominal apex, ventral view. H, Mesotarsus, ventral view. I, Metatarsus, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a1–9, antennomeres 1–9; cl, clypeus; lbp, labial palp; msc, mesocoxa; msf, mesofemur; mst1–3, mesotarsomeres 1–3; msv, mesoventrite; mtf, metafemur; mtt1–3, metatarsomeres 1–3; mtv, metaventrite; mxp, maxillary palp; v1–6, ventrites 1–6. Scale bars = 100 μm.

FIGURE 5. X in Rhomeocalpsua torosa gen. et sp. nov., a unique lineage of Endomychidae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea)

FIGURE 5. X-ray microtomographic reconstruction of Rhomeocalpsua torosa Li, Tomaszewska & Cai, gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NIGP180054. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. C, Anterodorsal view. D, Lateral view. E, Posterior view. F, Antenna, rendered under "Sum along Ray" mode. Scale bars = 500 μm in A–E, 200 μm in F.

FIGURE 2 in Rhomeocalpsua torosa gen. et sp. nov., a unique lineage of Endomychidae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea)

FIGURE 2. General habitus of Rhomeocalpsua torosa Li, Tomaszewska & Cai, gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NIGP180054, under widefield fluorescence. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. Scale bars = 500 μm.

FIGURE 3 in Rhomeocalpsua torosa gen. et sp. nov., a unique lineage of Endomychidae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea)

FIGURE 3. General habitus of Rhomeocalpsua torosa Li, Tomaszewska & Cai, gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NIGP180054, under confocal microscopy. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. Scale bars = 500 μm.

FIGURE 25 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 25. Ancestrulae with periancestrular zooids in colonies of three Rhamphostomella species. A. R. scabra, A.V. Grischenko Collection (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk). B. R. sibirica, P. Kuklinski Collection (Beringian coastal waters of Amchitka Island, Rat Islands, western Aleutian Islands). C. R. spinigera, Paralectotype, NHMW 92536 (Jan Mayen), initial part of colony. Scale bars: 250 μm.

FIGURE 20 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 20. Rhamphostomella tatarica (Androsova, 1958). ZIRAS 7/50548 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with young and developing zooids. B. Distal view of marginal zooids, showing developing ooecia, details of orifice and multiporous septula in distal transverse wall. C. Orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Zooids with developing ooecia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of distal half of ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbo, ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 19 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 19. Rhamphostomella sibirica (Kluge, 1929). ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Zooids near colony margin showing form of primary orifice with lyrula. C. Suboral avicularium and lyrula. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Zooids with developing ooecia. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older parts of colony. H. Ovicellate zooid in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, umbo, ring scar, areolae and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Basal surface of colony with tubular protuberances. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooid, showing suboral avicularium and zooidal lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, K, 50 μm; H, I, 100 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 29 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 29. Known species of Mixtoscutella from the northern Pacific. A–C. M. androsovae (Gontar, 1979). Paratype, ZIRAS 2/43716 (Cape Nerpochka, off Pacific side of Simushir Island, middle Kuril Islands). D–F. M. harmsworthi (Waters, 1900). ZIRAS 52/50568, KIENM Collection (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). G–I. M. cancellata (Smitt, 1868). ZIRAS 1/50572, KIENM Collection (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin. B. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. C. Interior of frontal shield, showing small umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. D. Zooids with ovicells (one ooecium broken). E. Ovicellate zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularium. F. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. G. Colony margin. H. Ovicellate zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularium. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G, H, 250 μm; C, F, I, 100 μm.

FIGURE 22. Rhamphostomella multirostrata n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 22. Rhamphostomella multirostrata n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and main avicularian cystids (arrows, sites of ooecial development). B. Distal view of marginal zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Zooidal orifice with broad lyrula and bases of oral spines. D. Oblique view of several zooids, one showing early developmental stage of ooecium. E. Zooids with developing ooecia. F. Frontal view of ovicellate zooids. G. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids. H. Lateral view of distal half of ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, umbonuloid component and areolae. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony, showing protuberances. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and external-wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield with areolae and interareolar ridges, avicularium and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D–F, G, K, 500 μm; B, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 26 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 26. Rhamphostomella? peristomata Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 1/44568 (Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands, Pacific Ocean). A. General view of part of holotype colony. B, C. Frontal view of two autozooids, showing orifices with median lyrula, and small avicularium on internal proximolateral surface of one peristome. D. Lateral view of two zooids, showing enlarged distal area of frontal wall with series of marginal areolar pores (arrows) and small peristomial avicularium. E. Distal half of autozooid, showing circular secondary orifice and lyrula. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D–E, 200 μm.

FIGURE 24. Rhamphostomella echinata n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 24. Rhamphostomella echinata n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50126 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing and fully formed young zooids. B. Lateral view of orifice, showing branching lyrula, four spinules, suboral avicularium and bases of oral spines; non-bleached colony. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid showing lyrula, lateral denticles and bases of oral spines. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids, showing dimpled frontal shields and early stages of ooecial formation. E. Non-ovicellate zooids with long oral spines; unbleached colony. F. Close-up of non-ovicellate zooid, unbleached. G. Group of zooids with broken and completed ooecia. H. Single ovicellate zooid, showing details of orifice, spine bases and ooecium. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, lateral denticles, umbo, ring scar and areolae. J. Basal surface of colony, showing protuberances. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid component with lyrula and lateral denticles. L. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield, oral spines and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, 250 μm; B, K, 50 μm; C, F, H, I, 100 μm; J, 500 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 (Santa Rosa Island, Pacific Ocean). B, D. Specimen AL–WP–0019–0022, M.H. Dick Collection (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea). C, F, H, I, K. ZIRAS 1/50117, J, L. ZIRAS 2/50118 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing lyrula, lateral denticles and bases of oral spines. C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Zooid with developing ovicell. F, H. Ovicellate zooids in older parts of colony. G. Zooids with developing and broken ooecia. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar around umbonuloid component. J. General view of colony encrusting a sponge. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred undulating ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Zooid with broken frontal shield, showing areolae and lateral zooidal wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; E, F, 250 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 33 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 33. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella and Mixtoscutella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella sibirica (Kluge, 1929). Lectotype, ZIRAS 1/50730 (Laptev Sea). C, D. Rhamphostomella tatarica (Androsova, 1958). Paratype, ZIRAS 2/3852 (Tatar Strait, Sea of Japan). E, F. Rhamphostomella spinigera Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92535 (Jan Mayen). G. Mixtoscutella ovata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-9303 (Red Bay, west Spitsbergen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). H. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). Lectotype, ZIRAS 4/2331 (estuary of Mezen River, White Sea). Scale bars: A–F, H, 250 µm; G, 500 µm.

FIGURE 31 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 31. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). Neotype, SMNH- Type-9304 (Hammerfest, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean). C, D. Desmacystis sandalia (Robertson, 1900) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis Kluge, 1961). Holotype, ZIRAS 1/8801 (Cape Vkhodnoy Reef, Bering Island, Pacific Ocean). E, F. Rhamphostomella sollers (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra). Syntype, USNM 8136 (Cape Tsiuka, Sangar Strait, Sea of Japan). G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92531 (Jan Mayen). H, I. Rhamphostomella magnirostris (Canu & Bassler, 1928) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella costata). Syntype, USNM 7579 (Cedar Keys, western Florida, Gulf of Mexico). J, K. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1576A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). Scale bars: A, B, J, K, 500 µm; C–I, 250 µm.

FIGURE 30 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface in some Rhamphostomella species.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm.

FIGURE 27 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 27. Mixtoscutella ovata (Smitt, 1868). ZIRAS 36/50120 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with young and developing zooids (arrows, sites of ooecial development). B. Zooidal orifice, showing condyles, and suboral avicularium. C, D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells, and suboral and adventitious avicularia. F. Ooecium covered by secondary calcification, except in proximal triangular area with pseudopores. G. Area of colony with ovicellate zooids and adventitious avicularia. H. Longitudinal section through frontal shield, showing interior of umbonulomorph suboral area and adjacent pseudoporous lepralioid shield. I. Interior of frontal shield with umbonuloid component, ring scar, areolae (smaller lateral openings in upper part of zooid), pseudopores and ooecial pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice with condyles. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield, suboral avicularium and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, I, J, 100 μm; C, E, 250 μm; H, L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 28 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURES 91–94. Meri gen. nov. spp. 91 in Revalidation of the genus Sadala Simon, 1880 with the description of a new genus of Neotropical huntsman spiders (Araneae, Sparassidae)

FIGURES 91–94. Meri gen. nov. spp. 91 Female (ASA Wright Nature Center, Trinidad, April, 2016); 92 Female (ASA Wright Nature Center, Trinidad, April 2016); 93 Female (ASA Wright Nature Center, Trinidad, April 2016); 94 Female (ASA Wright Nature Center, Trinidad, April 2016). Credits: 91–92 Gordon Ackermann; 93–94 Reto Ehrler.

FIGURE 4. Saturation plots for 2 rRNA gens, 13 in Seven new mitochondrial genomes of phytophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae) and phylogenetic implications

FIGURE 4. Saturation plots for 2 rRNA gens, 13 protein-coding genes, and a concatenated dataset (from 13 protein-coding genes), left to right. The plot shows uncorrected pairwise divergences in transitions (s) and transversions (v) against divergences calculated with the GTR model. Green, transversions; blue, transitions.