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10,016 results for “Observation”
Figure 3 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 3 Number of Reepenia bituberculata on Dypsis lutescens palm flowers on the observed tree at the start of every five minute period on the morning of 17 Nov 2019. Civil start and sunrise are indicated by black vertical lines. Bee image is a female R. bituberculata.
Figure 2 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 2 Foraging observations of Reepenia bituberculata and Meroglossa species. The bar shows night (purple) and day (yellow) with sunrise and sunset indicated above by longest vertical lines and civil (sun 6° below horizon), nautical (sun 12° below horizon) and astronomical (sun 18° below horizon) start and end shown by the lines decreasing in height to the left and right of sunrise and sunset, respectively. Numbers along the bottom of the bar indicate times of day. Thick horizontal black and red lines show when R. bituberculata and Meroglossa spp., respectively, were collected or observed to be active. Thinner solid lines show frequent observation periods (observed at least every 10 mins) when no bees were observed or caught on flowers, while dotted lines indicate sporadic observation periods (observed every hour or more) when no bees were observed or caught on flowers.
Supplementary material 3 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure S2
Figure 1 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 1 Morphology measures taken from A frontal; inter-ocellar distance (IOD), ocello-ocular distance (OD), median ocellus width (MOW), head width (HW), the area of seven ommatidia twice (7c), eye area front times two (EAF), total face area (TFA) B above; intertegular distance (ID) and C laterally; head area side (HAS), the area of seven ommatidia twice (7c), head depth (HD), eye area (EAS) and mesosoma length (ML). Bars are 1 mm in length. Italicised direct measures are those that were not included in the final analyses. Example species is the diurnal Hylaeus (Hylaeteron) hemirhodus (Colletidae: Hylaeinae).
Supplementary material 6 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure S5
Figure 5 from: Dorey JB, Fagan-Jeffries EP, Stevens MI, Schwarz MP (2020) Morphometric comparisons and novel observations of diurnal and low-light-foraging bees. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 117-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.57308
Figure 5 Dorsal head of some included species and related species for comparison of ocelli size A male and B female Reepenia bituberculata (Halictidae: Nomiinae) collected in low-light conditions CLasioglossum (Chilalictus) ochroma (Halictidae: Halictinae), a species that has been hypothesised to be adapted to low-light conditions due to loss of pigment DMellitidia tomentifera (Halictidae: Nomiinae), a bee in the same subfamily as Reepenia without enlarged ocelli EMeroglossa gemmata (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) FM. impressifrons penetrata (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) GM. eucalypti (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) HHylaeus (Analastoroides) foveatus (Colletidae: Hylaeinae) a bee in the same subfamily as Meroglossa that lacks enlarged ocelli. Meroglossa gemmata has enlarged ocelli, consistent with adaptation to low-light conditions, comparable in relative size to R. bituberculata. The other two Meroglossa spp. (M. impressifrons penetrata and M. eucalypti) do not show such extreme morphological features compared to other members of the genus examined by Houston (1975), but are facultative low-light adapted. When compared to representatives from their respective subfamilies both Meroglossa (Hylaeinae) and Reepenia (Nomiinae) have relatively enlarged ocelli. Colours refer to those for each behavioural state in Fig. 4.
Dataset accompanying article: On Linear and Circular Approach to GPS Data Processing: Analyses of the Horizontal Positioning Deviations Based on the Adriatic Region IGS Observables
<p>The dataset accompanies journal article: On Linear and Circular Approach to GPS Data Processing: Analyses of the Horizontal Positioning Deviations Based on the Adriatic Region IGS Observables published on 21 January 2021 in Data. </p> <p>SINEX, RINEX, position solution files, logs used for positional accuracy and deviation distribution of IGS observables and additional figures with results are included. Dataset covers period from 10th to 20th of March 2017. </p> <p>IGS SINEX combined weekly station position/velocity solutions were retrieved from the online archives of the Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, available at: ftp://cddis.nasa.gov/gnss/products/. Please note that from from October 31, 2020 anonymous ftp service has been discontinued. Access with examples is available via HTTPS or ftp-ssl from <a href="https://cddis.nasa.gov/Data_and_Derived_Products/CDDIS_Archive_Access.html">CDDIS Archive</a></p> <p>RINEX observation and navigation files were retrieved from IGS repository available at: ftp://igs.ign.fr/pub/igs/data/</p> <p>Position solution files were determined with <a href="https://github.com/tomojitakasu/RTKLIB_bin/">RTKLIB</a>: An Open Source Program Package for GNSS Positioning, version 2.4.3 b33 available</p> <p>Please cite respective sources accordingly.</p> <p> </p>
Using generalized regression neural network to retrieve bare surface soil moisture from Radarsat-2 backscatter observations, regard less of roughness effect
<p>Description of soil moisture, correlation length, and RMS height from ground measurements of 147 sampling sites, full-polarized backscattering coefficients extracted from Radarsat-2 scene corresponding to those ground measurement sites.</p>
Figure 3 from: Song H-T (2021) A new species of Coomaniella (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Coomaniellini) from Guangxi, China, with new distributional records and biological observations. ZooKeys 1010: 185-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.59530
Figure 3 Host plant and habits of Coomaniella (Coomaniella) dentata sp. nov. AToona sp. in the wild B marginal feeding of the leaf of Toona sp. by C. dentataC feeding habits.
Figure 2 from: Song H-T (2021) A new species of Coomaniella (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Coomaniellini) from Guangxi, China, with new distributional records and biological observations. ZooKeys 1010: 185-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.59530
Figure 2 Variability of Coomaniella (Coomaniella) dentata sp. nov. A male, pronotal variety B male, green variety C female, orange variety. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Song H-T (2021) A new species of Coomaniella (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Coomaniellini) from Guangxi, China, with new distributional records and biological observations. ZooKeys 1010: 185-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.59530
Figure 1 Coomaniella (Coomaniella) dentata sp. nov. A–J holotype: A habitus B head C scutellum D elytral surface E elytral apex F metacoxal plate with spine G aedeagus H male mesotibia, dorsal view I male metatibia, ventral view J denticles on male metatibia, ventral view K, L paratype: K female mesotibia, dorsal view L female metatibia, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0. 5 mm (B–L).
Observations of Short-Period Ion-Scale Current Sheet Flapping
<p>Additional data.</p>
Data from: Adverse events related to intravenous antibiotic therapy: a prospective observational study in the treatment of infective endocarditis
Objective: The goal of this prospective observational present study was to identify adverse events (AEs) related to the use of intravenous access sites for infective endocarditis (IE) treatment in a tertiary care hospital that can occur during patient care that cannot be attributed to the underlying disease and may result in lengthening of hospital stay or death. Design: This is an observational, analytical and prospective study on AEs resulting from the use of intravenous access sites in patients under antimicrobial treatment for IE. Patients enrolled in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis (ICE) study had their peripheral, short term central catheters (CVC) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) monitored for AEs. Setting: Tertiary care hospital for cardiac surgery in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients: Patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized in 2009 and 2010 with definite criteria for IE by the modified Duke criteria were included. Main outcome measures: Adverse events related to intravenous catheters: erythema and infiltration, fever, obstruction, externalization and blood stream infection. Results: Thirty-seven episodes of IE in 35 patients were studied. Mean age was 44.32 ± 15.2 years; 22 (63%) were male. 253 vascular catheters were studied, 148 peripheral, 85 CVC (21 of which for haemodialysis) and 20 PICC. The most frequent AEs were "erythema" and "infiltration" for peripheral catheters, "fever" for CVCs, and "obstruction" and "externalization" for PICCs. The number of catheter-days was 360 for peripheral catheters, 1.156 for CVC and 420 for PICC. Kaplan Meier curves for CVC and PICC showed statistical difference for obstruction (p<0.001) in PICCs. More bacteraemia occurred in CVC compared to PICC. Conclusion: The choice of intravenous access sites is critical in the treatment of IE. Close observation for adverse events and stricter implementation of infection control measures and better manipulation of catheters are suggested.
Data from: Combined observational and experimental data provide limited support for facilitation in lichens
It is increasingly recognized that facilitative interactions can shape communities. One of the mechanisms through which facilitation may operate is when one species facilitates the colonization of another through the exchange of shared symbionts. Lichens are symbiotic associations composed of a mycobiont (lichenised-fungus) and one or two photobionts (algae or cyanobacteria). Different lichen species may have overlapping specificity for photobionts, creating the possibility that facilitation drives lichen community assembly. To investigate whether facilitation occurs in lichens, we combined an observational study (a) with a manipulative field experiment (b). For (a), we quantified the effect of local patch conditions, facilitation and the size of the surrounding metapopulation on colonizations of an epixylic lichen species (Cladonia botrytes) in an area of managed boreal forest. This was done by twice surveying lichens on 293 stumps, located in stands of three age classes. For (b), we treated unoccupied surfaces of 56 cut stumps with algal mixtures of an Asterochloris photobiont and recorded C. botrytes colonizations over three years. In (a), colonization rates of C. botrytes increased with increasing abundance of other lichen species with specificity for Asterochloris photobionts, consistent with an effect of facilitation. However, in the field experiment (b), colonizations of the focal species did not provide support for facilitation. We conclude that our study provides limited support for facilitation in green-algal lichens, underscoring the importance of combining observational studies with experiments when studying species interactions.
Data from: Assessment of healthcare delivery in the early management of bacterial meningitis in UK young infants: an observational study
OBJECTIVE: To define early presenting features of bacterial meningitis in young infants in England and to review the adequacy of individual case management as compared with relevant national guidelines and an expert panel review. DESIGN: Retrospective medical case note review and parental recall using standardised questionnaires. SETTING: England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Infants aged <90 days with bacterial meningitis diagnosed between July 2010 and July 2013. RESULTS: Of the 97 cases recruited across England and Wales, 66 (68%) were admitted from home and 31 (32%) were in hospital prior to disease onset. Almost all symptoms reported by parents appeared at the onset of the illness, with very few new symptoms appearing subsequently. Overall, 20/66 (30%) infants were assessed to have received inappropriate pre hospital management. The median time from onset of first symptoms to first help was 5 hours (IQR: 2-12) and from triage to receipt of first antibiotic dose was 2.0 hours (IQR: 1.0-3.3) hours, significantly shorter in infants with fever or seizures at presentation compared to those without (1.7 [IQR, 1.0-3.0] vs. 4.2 [1.8-6.3] hours, p=0.02). Overall, 26 (39%) infants had a poor outcome in terms of death or neurological complication; seizures at presentation was the only significant independent risk factor (OR, 7.9; 95% CI: 2.3- 207.0). For cases in hospital already, the median time from onset to first dose of antibiotics was 2.6 (IQR: 1.3-9.8) hours and 12/31 (39%) of infants had serious neurological sequelae at hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Young infants with bacterial meningitis have non-specific symptoms and signs, with no clear progression of illness over time, highlighting the difficulties in early recognition by parents and healthcare professionals alike. A substantial proportion of infants received inappropriate pre- and post-hospital management. We propose a targeted campaign for education and harmonisation of practice with evidence-based management algorithms.
Data from: The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement: methods for arriving at consensus and developing reporting guidelines
Objective: Routinely collected health data, collected for administrative and clinical purposes, without specific a priori research questions, are increasingly used for observational, comparative effectiveness, health services research, and clinical trials. The rapid evolution and availability of routinely collected data for research has brought to light specific issues not addressed by existing reporting guidelines. The aim of the present project was to determine the priorities of stakeholders in order to guide the development of the REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement. Methods: Two modified electronic Delphi surveys were sent to stakeholders. The first determined themes deemed important to include in the RECORD statement, and was analyzed using qualitative methods. The second determined quantitative prioritization of the themes based on categorization of manuscript headings. The surveys were followed by a meeting of RECORD working committee, and re-engagement with stakeholders via an online commentary period. Results: The qualitative survey (76 responses of 123 surveys sent) generated 10 overarching themes and 13 themes derived from existing STROBE categories. Highest-rated overall items for inclusion were: Disease/exposure identification algorithms; Characteristics of the population included in databases; and Characteristics of the data. In the quantitative survey (71 responses of 135 sent), the importance assigned to each of the compiled themes varied depending on the manuscript section to which they were assigned. Following the working committee meeting, online ranking by stakeholders provided feedback and resulted in revision of the final checklist. Conclusions: The RECORD statement incorporated the suggestions provided by a large, diverse group of stakeholders to create a reporting checklist specific to observational research using routinely collected health data. Our findings point to unique aspects of studies conducted with routinely collected health data and the perceived need for better reporting of methodological issues.
Data from: Interpreting the evolutionary regression: the interplay between observational and biological errors in phylogenetic comparative studies
Regressions of biological variables across species are rarely perfect. Usually there are residual deviations from the estimated model relationship, and such deviations commonly show a pattern of phylogenetic correlations indicating that they have biological causes. We discuss the origins and effects of phylogenetically correlated biological variation in regression studies. In particular, we discuss the interplay of biological deviations with deviations due to observational or measurement errors, which are also important in comparative studies based on estimated species means. We show how bias in estimated evolutionary regressions can arise from several sources, including phylogenetic inertia and either observational or biological error in the predictor variables. We show how all these biases can be estimated and corrected for in the presence of phylogenetic correlations. We present general formulas for incorporating measurement error in linear models with correlated data. We also show how alternative regression models, such as major-axis and reduced major-axis regression, which are often recommended when there is error in predictor variables, are strongly biased when there is biological variation in any part of the model. We argue that such methods should never be used to estimate evolutionary or allometric regression slopes.
Data from: Proportion of women presenters at medical grand rounds at major academic centres in Canada: a retrospective observational study
Objective: To assess the proportion of women who presented research or medical grand rounds at five major academic hospitals in Canada. Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Five major university–affiliated hospitals in Toronto and Calgary. Results: Overall, at all sites and types of academic rounds, there were an average of 17% fewer women presenting than men (p < 0.001). There were an average of 32% and 21% more men presenting at the city wide grand rounds in City A and B respectively (p < 0.001, p = 0.002). There were more male speakers at 4 out of 5 types of rounds. The proportion of women presenting on average was proportional to the Canadian workforce, but on average, below the proportion of female residents and medical students (median ratio 1.1, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a lower proportion of females in an important outlet for academic recognition and role modeling. This provides a possible contributing factor to the under representation of women in academic medicine, and an area that can be systematically targeted to promote equity.
Data from: Can observation skills of citizen scientists be estimated using species accumulation curves?
Volunteers are increasingly being recruited into citizen science projects to collect observations for scientific studies. An additional goal of these projects is to engage and educate these volunteers. Thus, there are few barriers to participation resulting in volunteer observers with varying ability to complete the project's tasks. To improve the quality of a citizen science project's outcomes it would be useful to account for inter-observer variation, and to assess the rarely tested presumption that participating in a citizen science projects results in volunteers becoming better observers. Here we present a method for indexing observer variability based on the data routinely submitted by observers participating in the citizen science project eBird, a broad-scale monitoring project in which observers collect and submit lists of the bird species observed while birding. Our method for indexing observer variability uses species accumulation curves, lines that describe how the total number of species reported increase with increasing time spent in collecting observations. We find that differences in species accumulation curves among observers equates to higher rates of species accumulation, particularly for harder-to-identify species, and reveals increased species accumulation rates with continued participation. We suggest that these properties of our analysis provide a measure of observer skill, and that the potential to derive post-hoc data-derived measurements of participant ability should be more widely explored by analysts of data from citizen science projects. We see the potential for inferential results from analyses of citizen science data to be improved by accounting for observer skill.
Data from: Has open data arrived at the British Medical Journal (BMJ)? An observational study
Objective: To quantify data sharing policy compliance at the BMJ by analysing the rate of data sharing practices, and investigate attitudes and examine barriers towards data sharing. Design: Observational study. Setting: The BMJ research archive. Participants: 160 randomly sampled BMJ research articles, excluding meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Main outcome measures: Percentages of research articles that indicated the availability of their raw datasets in their data sharing statements and those that provided their datasets upon request. Results: Fifty out of 160 (31%) research articles indicated the availability of their datasets. Twelve used publicly available data and the remaining 38 were sent email requests to access their datasets. Only 1 publicly available dataset could be accessed and only 6 out of 38 shared their data via e-mail. So only 7/160 research articles shared their datasets, 4.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.8% to 8.8%). Conclusions: Despite the BMJ's strong data sharing policy, sharing rates are low. Possible explanations for low data sharing rates could be: the wording of the BMJ data sharing policy, which leaves room for individual interpretation and possible loopholes; that our email requests ended up in researchers spam folders; and, that researchers are not rewarded in the scientific community for sharing their data. It might be time for a more effective data sharing policy and better incentives for health and medical researchers to share their data.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.