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Figure 3 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 3. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 25.0 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: b, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: c, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: d, carapace, dorsal view. Photographs a, c by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; b by Michael Türkay; d by N. Cumberlidge and M. Lorenz. Scale bar: a = 7.8 mm, b = 7.1 mm, c = 8.3 mm, d = 7.6 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 6 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 6. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 29.5 mm, SMNH 168, Sierra Leone: a, G1 ventral view; b, G2 ventral view; c, G1 dorsal view; m, third maxilliped, frontal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: d, G1 ventral view; e, G2 ventral view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 53AA); f, G1 dorsal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 52B); n, third maxilliped, frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 49A). Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: g, G1 ventral view; h, G2 ventral view; i, G1 dorsal view; o, third maxilliped, frontal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: j, G1 ventral view; k, G2 ventral view; l, G1 dorsal view; p, third maxilliped, frontal view. Photographs a–c, g–i, m, o by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; j–l, p by Neil Cumberlidge and Margaret Lorenz; d by Michael Türkay. Scale bar: a, c, d, f, g, i, j, l = 10.0 mm; b, e, h, k = 5.8 mm; m–p = 2.4 mm. CW = carapace width, SMNH = Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, G1 = gonopod 1, G2 = gonopod 2, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 1 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 1. Distribution map of West Africa showing the known localities of all Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 species in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) (black triangle, not shown to scale); A. leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (black circles, not shown to scale); A. monodosa (Bott, 1959) (black squares, not shown to scale); A. gerhildae Bott, 1969 (black diamond, not shown to scale). For exact localities see text. Scale bar = 111 km.

Figure 8 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree topology of the four species of Afrithelphusa from West Africa based on mtDNA sequences corresponding to partial 16S rRNA and COI genes. Two outgroup taxa (Louisea edeaensis and Buea mundemba) are also shown. BI and ML statistical values on the nodes indicate posterior probabilities and bootstrap support, respectively. BI = Bayesian Inference.

Figure 4 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 4. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 25.0 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, carapace, frontal view; d, thoracic sternum, h, mandible frontal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: e, thoracic sternum, i, mandible frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 48A). Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: b, carapace, frontal view; f, thoracic sternum, j, mandible frontal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: c, carapace, frontal view; g, thoracic sternum, k, mandible, frontal view. Photographs a, c by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; d by Neil Cumberlidge and Margaret Lorenz; e by Michael Türkay. Scale bar: a = 8.9 mm; b = 9.6 mm; c = 11.6 mm; d–g = 8.0 mm; h–k = 3.1 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 7 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 7. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), lectotype, adult ♂ CW 29.5 mm, SMNH 168, Sierra Leone: a, whole animal, dorsal view; c, whole animal, sternal view; e, carapace, frontal-dorsal view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), holotype, adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, NHM 1955.10.7.42–43, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: b, whole animal, dorsal view; d, whole animal, sternal view; f, carapace, frontal view. Photographs a, c, e by Neil Cumberlidge, b, d, f by Phillip Crabb (NHM). Scale bar: a, c = 19.7; b, d = 20.3 mm; e = 12.0 mm; f = 11.0 mm. CW = carapace width, SMNH = Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, NHM = The Natural History Museum, London, UK.

Fig. 6 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 6. Heatmap highlighting variation of volatile compounds across the 63 hop accessions from Northern France. This heatmap has been generated with normalized data for the top 51 molecules responsible for differences between the chemical profiles. Red and green colors indicate lowest and highest performance of the traits, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 5. Identification of population genetic structure of the 63 accessions of Humulus lupulus L. sampled in Northern France (Hauts-de-France region) using 11 microsatellites. A. Bar plot showing the distribution of individual assignations estimated for K = 2 and K = 6 clusters, from Bayesian inference cluster analysis performed with the 53 Humulus lupulus haplotypes sampled from the 14 locations (from A to K). Each vertical line represents an individual and the length of each colored line corresponds to the membership coefficient (scale at the left of the bar plot) for each cluster. Individuals are grouped according to their sampling locations. B. Frequencies of the 6 clusters (represented by colors) within each sampled location. Colors are same than on Fig. 5A. C. Principle Component Analysis (PCoA) based on genetic distances between each accession. Individuals were colored according to their sample site collection. D. Dendrogram underlying genetic clustering of the 63 hop accessions, including 10 commercial varieties (samples 1 to 10), 3 heirloom varieties (samples 11 to 13) and 50 wild sampled from 11 geographical locations (cf Table 1). 1: Nugget, 2: Strisselspalt, 3: Golding, 4: Challenger, 5: Brewers Gold, 6: Cascade, 7: Magnum, 8: Northern Brewer, 9: Target, 10: Fuggle, 11: Groene Bel, 12: Star, 13: Coigneau, Location A: 14 to 18; Location B: 19 to 23; Location C: 24 to 28; Location D: 29 to 32; Location E: 33 and 34; Location F: 34 and 35; Location G: 37 and 38; Location H: 39 to 42; Location I: 43 to 52; Location J: 53 to 58; Location K: 59 to 63. The tree was constructed using the unweighted neighbor-joining method based on genetic dissimilarity among the haplotypes according to microsatellite markers. Each branch corresponds to a hop genotype and the colors of branches indicate locations from which the genotypes were sampled. The color code is the same as the one on Fig. 5C.

Fig. 2 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 2. Analysis of volatile compounds in hop cones by GC-MS. A. Chemical structure of main volatile compounds found in hop cones. B. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of a hop cone sample (cv. Nugget). Compounds identified correspond to the following compounds: (1) β-myrcene; (2) β-caryophyllene; (3) linalool; (4) 2- undecanone; (5) copaene; (6) α-humulene; (7) γ-muurolene.

Fig. 4 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 4. Results of characterization of soil samples collected close to the root environment of the 63 hops studied. These 63 hops samples are represented by ten commercial varieties: Nugget comes from « comm_1 »; Strisselspalt comes from « comm_2 » and other commercial cultivars come from the same field « comm_3–10 »; three heirloom varieties coming from the same field identified as « old »; and fifty wild hops identified according to Table 1. The characterization of soil samples was based on pH and conductivity measurements, on organic matter content determined by loss of ignition as well as on dosage of the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium elements. A. Dendrogram including hierarchical cluster analysis (N = 8) among soil samples determined by soil characterization. B. Heatmap associated to the dendrogram. The 8 clusters of the hierarchical clustering were reported on the heatmap. C. Pictures of soil samples from locations B (Tourbi`ere de Vred, Vred) (1), D (Cap Blanc nez, Wissant) (2) and K (Dunes d'Ecault) (3).

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A. Chemical structure of major chalcones and acylphloroglucinols produced by hops and their molecular weight. B. Chromatogram of a crude hydro-ethanolic extract of hops (cultivar Nugget) at 330 nm. XN: xanthohumol, α1: co-humulone; α2: humulone; α3: ad-humulone; β1: colupulone; β2: lupulone; β3: ad-lupulone.

Fig. 3 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 3. Geographical repartition of the fifty accessions of wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) collected on the 11 locations A to K in the North of France.

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A. Principle component analysis of the 63 chemotypes of hop studied. Each symbol represents a single plant from the different accessions. Commercial varieties (10 accessions), heirloom varieties (3 accessions), wild hops collected on different locations (50 accessions, Fig. 3). B. Principle component analysis of the chemical markers.

Fig. 7 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 7. Results of the statistical treatment of data for the quantitation of xanthohumol, co-, n-, ad-humulone and co-, n-, ad-lupulone. This quantitation has been performed on the 63 crude hydro-ethanolic extracts of hop cone powder from Northern France, including 10 commercial varieties, 3 heirloom varieties and 50 wild hops (Fig. 1, Table 2). A. PCA biplot of quantitation data with score plot and loading plot of variables. Individuals were colored by collection site for a given observation. Variable contribution to component was represented by arrows length. B. Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis among the 63 hops based on the quantitation similarity (Ward's method, distance scale) (N = 3).

FIGURE 20 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURE 20. Spatial distribution of Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer n. sp. in Austria, Czech Republic, France, Italy and Switzerland, and of R. fasciata in neighbouring areas of Czech Republic and Germany. Circles: localities of R. loeffleri. Triangles: localities of R. fasciata. White: specimens from Austria. Pale blue: specimens from Czech Republic. Yellow: specimens from France. Green: specimens from Germany. Dark blue: specimens from Italy. Orange: specimens from Switzerland. Star: specimens with DNA information. Question mark: specimens assigned to a species but not confirmed.

FIGURES 11, 12 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURES 11, 12. Male and female genitalia of Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer n. sp., respectively. 11, male: 11A, 2nd segment of left inferior appendage, left lateral; 11BV, 11BL, parameres: 11BV, parameres (p) and ventral lobe of aedeagus (phallicata) (vl), ventral; 11BL, left paramere, left lateral. 11CL, 11CD, aedeagus (phallicata) and lateroventral lobes: 11CL, aedeagus and its left lateroventral lobe, left lateral; 11CD, aedeagus and its lateroventral lobes (lvl), dorsal. 10DD, apicodorsal lobe of segment IX (al) and preanal appendages (pa); 11DV, segment X, ventral ab= apical band, as= anal sclerites, va= nonsclerotized ventral area. 12, female segments VIII–XI: 12L, left lateral; 12D, dorsal; 12V, ventral. Scale bars: unlabelled = 1 mm; ● = 0.5 mm; * = 200 μm.

FIGURES 2–7 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURES 2–7. Larva of Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer n. sp. 2a–2d, head: 2a, dorsal; 2b, right lateral; 2c, ventral; 2d, frontoclypeus, dorsal. 3D–3V, mandibles from last instar larval exuviae, left (l) and right (r): 3D, dorsal; 3V, ventral. 4a–4b, prothorax: 4a, dorsal; 4b, right hemisclerite, right lateral. 5, abdominal segment III, dorsal, A = anterior edge. 6, abdominal tergite IX. 7a–7c, details of anal prolegs: 7a, right anal claw, right lateral; 7b, detail of basolateral plate with sword process and basoventral hook, right lateral; 7c, detail of right claw, right lateral. Scale bars: unlabelled = 1 mm; ● = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURE 1. Setae (S) and sensory pits (P) of the head and thorax of Rhyacophila larvae. 1a, head, dorsal; 1b, prothorax, right sclerite, dorsal (from Williams & Wiggins 1981).

FIGURE 19 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the Rhyacophila fasciata Complex included in this study. Combination of Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees based on COI. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the maximum likelihood tree (PP/BS, respectively). 19a, Rhyacophila cf. obliterata (Robl), outgroup; 19b–19j, R. fasciata Complex: 19b, R. kykladica Malicky & Sipahiler 1993 (Rkyk); 19c, R. denticulata McLachlan 1879 (Rden); 19d, R. sociata Navás 1916 (Rsoc); 19e, R. loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer n. sp. (Rloe); 19f, R. fasciata Hagen 1859 (Rfas); 19g, R. macedonica Karaouzas, Valladolid & Ibrahimi 2022 (in Valladolid et al. 2022) (Rmac); 19h, R. delici Kučinić & Valladolid 2020 (in Valladolid et al. 2020) (Rdel); 19i, R. fasciata viteceki Valladolid & Kučinić 2020 (in Valladolid et al. 2020) (Rfvit); 19j, Rhyacophila septentrionis McLachlan 1865 (Rsep). Data for specimens are summarized in Table 1. Countries: BEL = Belgium, BAH = Bosnia and Herzegovina, CRO = Croatia, CZE = Czech Republic, EST = Estonia, FIN = Finland, FRA = France, GER = Germany, GRE = Greece, ITA = Italy, KOS = Kosovo, MAC = Republic of North Macedonia, NOR = Norway, POL = Poland, RUS = Russia, SER = Serbia, SLO = Slovakia, SPA = Spain, SWI = Switzerland, UK = United Kingdom. Scale bar: mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site or nucleotide position on the respective branch.

FIGURES 9, 10 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Central Europe with description of a new species, Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer, n. sp., based on morphological, genetic and ecological evidence.

FIGURES 9, 10. Wings of Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859 and Rhyacophila loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer n. sp. 9a, forewing of R. fasciata, lectotype [Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA (MCZH), with permission]; 9b, forewing of R. fasciata male from Slovakia; 9c, hind wing of R. fasciata male from Slovakia. 10a, 10b, forewings of R. loeffleri males from Italy and Austria respectively; 10c, hind wing of R. loeffleri male from Austria. Major veins: C = costa, Sc = subcosta, R1–R 5 = radius, M1–M4 = media, Cu1–Cu2 = cubitus, A1–A3 = anal, m-cu = crossvein between medial and cubital veins (from Holzenthal et al. 2007). Scale bars: 2 mm. 9a: specimen preserved dry, 9b–c, 10a–c: specimens preserved in alcohol.