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Figures 78–83 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 78–83: Hemispermatophore capsule regions and lobes of buthid genera presumed to be closely related to Trypanothacus gen. n.. Figures 78–79: Buthacus stockmanni Kovařík, Lowe et Šťáhlavský, 2016 (topoparatype male, N. of Zag, Morocco). Figures 80–81: Buthacus nigroaculeatus Levy, Amitai et Shulov, 1973 (Wadi Muqshin, Montesar, Oman, 30.III.1989, leg. A.S. Gardner). Figures 82–83: Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai et Shulov, 1973 (Ramlat As Sahmah, Oman, 7.X.1994, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher). All figures right capsule except Figures 78–79 (mirrored left). Anterior (78, 81–82) and convex compressed (79–80, 83) views. Scale bars: 400 µm (78–79), 400 µm (80–81), 400 µm (82–83).

Figures 96–106 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 96–106: Trypanothacus buettikeri comb. n. Figures 96–101. Male holotype, lateral view of metasoma and telson (96), dorsal views of pedipalp chela (97) patella (98) and femur (99), external views of pedipalp chela (100) and patella (101). Figure 102. Male from Wadi Turabah (NHMB No. 509), dorsal view of pedipalp patella. Figures 103–106. Female paratype (NHMB 896), lateral views of metasoma (103) and pedipalp chela (104), dorsal view of pedipalp patella (105) and femur (106). UV fluorescence. Scale bars: 2 mm (96), 2 mm (97–101), 2 mm (102), 2 mm (103), 2 mm (104–106).

Figures 117–118 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 117–118: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n., cheliceral massage (117) and spermatophore deposition (118) in a mating pair of individuals collected from the type locality. Photos taken in laboratory. Male is on the right.

Figures 47–58 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 47–58: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Pedipalp segments of male paratype from Thumrait (VII.1997), chela dorsal (47), external (48), ventral (49) and internal (50) views. Patella dorsal (51), external (52), ventral (53) and internal (54) views. Femur and trochanter dorsal (55), external (56), ventral (57) and internal (58) views. UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figures 1–4 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 1–4: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Figures 1–2. Male paratype from the type locality in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views. Figures 3–4: Female paratype from the type locality in dorsal (3) and ventral (4) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figures 29–46 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 29–46: Figures 29–42: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Figures 29–40. Pedipalp segments. Figures 29–38. Male holotype, chela dorsal (29), external (30), and ventral (31) views. Patella dorsal (32), external (33) and ventral (34) views. Femur and trochanter internal (35), dorsal (36), and ventral (37) views. Movable finger dentition (38). Trichobothrial pattern is indicated in Figures 30–33 and 35–36. Figures 39– 40. Female paratype from the type locality, chela dorsal (39) and external (40) views. Figures 41–42. Telson, male holotype (41) and female paratype from type locality (42), lateral views. Figures 43–44: T. buettikeri comb. n., pedipalp chela dorsal, male holotype (43) and female paratype (44). Figures 45–46: Buthacus stockmanni Kovařík et al., 2016, telson, male holotype (45) and female paratype (46), lateral views.

Figures 13–14 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 13–14: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Female paratype from Yalooni (XII.1988), carapace and tergites I–VII (13), coxosternal area and sternites (14). UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figures 107–110 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 107–110: Morphometric scaling relations of the telson of fossorial 'Buthus group' scorpions. Figure 107. Double logarithmic scatterplot of telson vesicle length/ depth (L/ D) ratio vs. aculeus length normalized to vesicle length (aculeus L/ vesicle L), for large pelophiles/ semipsammophiles (4 genera, 53 species) (Buthus, Odontobuthus, Pantobuthus: orange circles; Trypanothacus gen. n.: blue circles) and large psammophiles/ ultrapsammophiles (6 genera, 29 species) (Buthacus: cyan circles; Vachoniolus: dark green circles; Apistobuthus, Buthiscus, Liobuthus, and Plesiobuthus: yellow circles). Dark line: linear least squares regression fit to all data shown (Pearson correlation coefficient, R = 0.57). Upper right inset: diagram of measurements estimated from inverted telson lateral profiles, with dorsal surface of vesicle approximately leveled; SA = ventral profile length of aculeus from base point to tip, LV = length of vesicle from anterior limit or inflection point to aculeus base point; HV = vesicle depth or height (distance between dorsal and ventral tangent planes). Base point was placed at local minimum of inverted ventral profile curve. SA was calculated by cubic spline fit (>10 anchor points). For a minority of broken tips, SA was estimated by intersecting extrapolated dorsal and ventral profile curves (<5%). Figure 108. Scatterplot of fossorial buthids in Figure 107, superposed upon larger scale plot of Order Scorpiones (gray circles). Gray line: linear least squares regression fit to Order Scorpiones data (including data in Figure 107) (Pearson correlation coefficient, R = –0.62). Also plotted are data from small 'Buthus group' psammophiles/ ultrapsammophiles (5 genera, 10 species: Compsobuthus arabicus, Lanzatus somalilandus, Neobuthus kutcheri, Picobuthus dundoni, P. wahibaensis, Anomalobuthus krivochatskyi, A. pavlovskyi, A. rickmersi, A. lowei, A. talebii) (dark yellow circles). Figure 109. Double logarithmic scatterplot of carapace length (L) vs. aculeus length normalized to vesicle length (i.e., aculeus L/ vesicle L) for psammophile/ ultrapsammophile members of the 'Buthus group', including large species in Figure 107, and small species in Figure 108 (dark yellow circles). Blue line: linear least squares regression fit to all data shown (Pearson correlation coefficient, R = 0.74). Figure 110. Scatterplot of psammophile buthid data in Figure 109 (all in one color, blue circles) superposed upon larger scale plot of Order Scorpiones (gray circles). Gray line: linear least squares regression to Order Scorpiones data (including data in Figure 109) (Pearson correlation coefficient, R = –0.01). Also plotted are data from bothriurid genus Brachistosternus (43 species) (magenta triangles), and corresponding linear least squares regression fit (R = 0.39). All plots in Figures 107-110 include data from both males and females. Data were assembled by mining taxonomic literature or directly measuring specimens. Included are 1854 species or subspecies (1331 ♂, 1201 ♀) representing all known extant genera (1841 species or subspecies) plus 7 fossil genera (13 species).

Figures 23–28 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 23–28: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Figures 23–25. Male paratype from Thumrait (VII.1997), metasoma and telson dorsal (23), lateral (24) and ventral (25) views. Figures 26–28. Female paratype from Yalooni (XII.1988), metasoma and telson dorsal (26), lateral (27) and ventral (28) views. UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 4 mm.

Figures 11–12 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 11–12: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n. Male paratype from Thumrait (VII.1997), carapace and tergites I–VII (11), coxosternal area and sternites (12). UV fluorescence. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figures 114–116 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 114–116: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n., promenade à deux (courtship dance) in a mating pair of individuals collected from the type locality. Photos taken in laboratory. Male is on the right.

Figures 84–85 in Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 84–85: Trypanothacus barnesi gen. et sp. n., in vivo habitus, male holotype (84) and female paratype from type locality (85).

FIG. 11. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 11. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp., postcranial bones: A, proximal right metatarsal V, BAR 914'04: A1, plantar view; A2, lateral view; A3, superior view; A4, medial view; A5, distal view; B, right distal humerus OCO102'11: B1, anterior view; B2, posterior view; B3, distal view; C, left distal humerus OCO 336'10: C1, anterior view; C2, posterior view; C3, distal view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 6. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 6. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, skull BAR 757'00: A1, palatal view; A2, facial view; A3, superior view; A4, posterior view; A5, left lateral view; A6, right lateral view; B, Maxilla BAR 756'00: B1, left lateral view; B2, palatal view; B3, right lateral view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 4. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 4. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, holotype BAR 758'00, skull: A1, facial view; A2, posterior view; A3, superior view; A4, left lateral view; A5, palatal view; A6, right lateral view; B, BAR 759'00, left hemi-maxilla: B1, buccal view; B2, occlusal view; B3, lingual view; C, BAR 760'00, left hemi-mandible: C1, buccal view; C2, occlusal view; C3, lingual view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 7. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 7. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, skull fragment BAR 761'00: A1, nucho-lateral view; A2, internal view; B, right maxilla fragment BAR 762B'00 (maxilla fragment with M1/ to M3/) + OCO 1049'11 (P3/) associated with BAR 762A'00: B1, lingual view; B2, occlusal view; B3, buccal view; C, left maxilla fragment BAR 762A'00 (maxilla fragment with P4/ to M3/) associated with BAR 762B'00: C1, lingual view; C2, occlusal view; C3, buccal view; D, left maxilla fragment BAR 786'00 (partial maxilla with M3/) + BAR 1368'00 (left M2/): D1, buccal view; D2, occlusal view; D3, lingual view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 8. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 8. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, right mandibular fragment OCO 100'11: A1, buccal view; A2, occlusal view; A3, lingual view; B, mandibular symphysis BAR 1586'00: B1, labial view; B2, occlusal view; B3, lingual view; C, mandible OCO 608'10: C1, occlusal view; C2, right lateral view; C3, left lateral view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 9. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n in The Late Miocene colobine monkeys from Aragai (Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya)

FIG. 9. — Sawecolobus lukeinoensis n. gen., n. sp.: A, B, incisors: A, right I2/ BAR 910'04: A1, lingual view; A2, labial view; A3, mesial view; A4, distal view; A5, occlusal view; B, right I1/ BAR 1214'00: B1, occlusal view; B2, lingual view; B3, labial view; B4, mesial view; B5, distal view; C-L, canines: C, left upper canine BAR 784'00: C1, mesial view; C2, distal view; C3, lingual view; C4, buccal view; D, left upper canine BAR 1595'01: D1, distal view; D2, mesial view; D3, lingual view; D4, buccal view; E, right upper canine OCO 105'10: E1, distal view; E2, mesial view; E3, buccal view; E4, lingual view; F, left lower canine BAR 785'00: F1, lingual view; F2, labial view; F3, mesial view; F4, distal view; G, right lower canine BAR 1369'00: G1, lingual view; G2, labial view; G3, mesial view; G4, distal view; H, right lower canine BAR 1381'03: H1, lingual view; H2, labial view; H3, mesial view; H4, distal view; I, left lower canine BAR 1382'03: I1, lingual view; I2, labial view; I3, distal view; I4, mesial view; J, left lower canine BAR 351'04: J1, lingual view; J2, labial view; J3, distal view; J4, mesial view; K, left lower canine OCO 104'10: K1, distal view; K2, lingual view; K3, mesial view; L, left lower canine BAR 1584'00: L1, lingual view; L2, labial view; L3, distal view; L4, mesial view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

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Figure 265 in Review of the genus Babycurus Karsch, 1886 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of Barbaracurus gen. n. and two new species from Oman and Yemen

Figure 265: Map showing the known distribution of genera Barbaracurus gen. n. and Babycurus in the Arabian Peninsula, Horn of Africa, Kenya and partially in Tanzania. The upper photo inset shows the type locality of Barbaracurus winklerorum sp. n.