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Text-fig. 4. Scatter diagrams (length and width) of Platacanthomys dianensis measurements from Leilao, Yuanmou in comparison with those of the species from Shihuiba, Lufeng. in Platacanthomyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) From The Late Miocene Yuanmou Hominoid Locality Of Yunnan, China

Text-fig. 4. Scatter diagrams (length and width) of Platacanthomys dianensis measurements from Leilao, Yuanmou in comparison with those of the species from Shihuiba, Lufeng.

Text-fig. 2. Neocometes sp. from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) right M3 (IVPP V 25882.1, reversed), b) left M (IVPP V 25882.2). 2 in Platacanthomyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) From The Late Miocene Yuanmou Hominoid Locality Of Yunnan, China

Text-fig. 2. Neocometes sp. from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) right M3 (IVPP V 25882.1, reversed), b) left M (IVPP V 25882.2). 2

Text-fig. 3. Platacanthomys dianensis QIU, 1989 from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) left M1 (IVPP V 25883.16), b) right M1 (IVPP V 25882.17), c) left M2 (IVPP V 25883.18), d) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.7), e) left M3 (IVPP V 25883.19), f) right M3 (IVPP V 25883.20), g) left M1 (IVPP V 25883.21), h) right M1 (IVPP V 25883.8), i) left M2 (IVPP V 25883.1), j) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.22), k) left M3 (IVPP V 25883.23), l) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.2). in Platacanthomyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) From The Late Miocene Yuanmou Hominoid Locality Of Yunnan, China

Text-fig. 3. Platacanthomys dianensis QIU, 1989 from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) left M1 (IVPP V 25883.16), b) right M1 (IVPP V 25882.17), c) left M2 (IVPP V 25883.18), d) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.7), e) left M3 (IVPP V 25883.19), f) right M3 (IVPP V 25883.20), g) left M1 (IVPP V 25883.21), h) right M1 (IVPP V 25883.8), i) left M2 (IVPP V 25883.1), j) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.22), k) left M3 (IVPP V 25883.23), l) right M2 (IVPP V 25883.2).

Text-fig. 1. Terminology of molar morphology for Platacanthomyidae (modified after Fahlbusch 1966 and Fejfar 1999). in Platacanthomyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) From The Late Miocene Yuanmou Hominoid Locality Of Yunnan, China

Text-fig. 1. Terminology of molar morphology for Platacanthomyidae (modified after Fahlbusch 1966 and Fejfar 1999).

Text-fig. 8. Typhlomys storchi n. sp. from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) left M1 (IVPP V 25887.1, paratype), b) right M3 (IVPP V 25887.2, reversed), c) right M1 (IVPP V 25886, holotype, reversed), d) right M2 (IVPP V 25887.3, reversed). in Platacanthomyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) From The Late Miocene Yuanmou Hominoid Locality Of Yunnan, China

Text-fig. 8. Typhlomys storchi n. sp. from Leilao, Yuanmou. a) left M1 (IVPP V 25887.1, paratype), b) right M3 (IVPP V 25887.2, reversed), c) right M1 (IVPP V 25886, holotype, reversed), d) right M2 (IVPP V 25887.3, reversed).

FIG. 30 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 30. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length, with data pooled by family (appendix 3).

FIG. 28 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 28. Reconstruction of orientation of head of A, Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 and B, horse (following De Beer, 1947), as they might appear in state of normal visual alertness.

FIG. 29 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 29. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length in fore- and hindgut fermenters (pooled as such). Foregut and hindgut fermenters are not significantly different, whether data were analyzed all together as here or pooled by family (see fig. 30 and appendix 3).

FIG. 27. 3D in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 27. 3D model of skull and inner ear of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, showing angular relationship between plane of lateral semicircular canal (LSC) and that of skull floor (basal plane), following De Beer (1947).

FIG. 22 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 22. Cerebral endocast of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cast of cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cast of cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) transiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) transiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, cast of hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, cast of olfactory bulb; och, optic chiasm; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, cast of orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, cast of paraflocculus; pl, cast of piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN IV, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, cast of vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 23 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 23. Cerebral endocast of Tetramerorhinus lucarius (= Proterotherium cavum AMNH 9245) from Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) exiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, olfactory bulb; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, paraflocculus; pl, piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN VI, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 24 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 24. Palate of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, with detail of dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); ef, enamel fossette; I, incisor (alveolus); M, molar; met, metastyle; mev, metacone valley; mst, mesostyle; P, premolar; pat, parastyle; pav, paracone valley.

FIG. 20 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 20. Model of right petrosal of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, based on 3D reconstructions from micro-CT data, in A, tympanic, B, oblique, and C, cerebellar views. In order to adequately expose the facial sulcus (fsl) and track of the greater petrosal nerve (hnpm), it was necessary to digitally remove the bone obscuring structures, including the sidewall of the cavum supracochleare (cs) (see text). Other abbreviations: can, external aperture of cochlear canaliculus; cr.tr, crista transversa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; fai, inferior acoustic foramen; fas, superior acoustic foramen; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; ff, foramen faciale; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; iam, internal acoustic meatus; jn, notch for jugular foramen; pr, promontorium; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; saf, subarcuate fossa; sips, sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus. Asterisk (*) indicates preparation artifact.

FIG. 19. A–B in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 19. A–B, Virtual subcoronal sections of basicranium of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; chl, cochlea; Ec, ectotympanic; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); iam, internal acoustic meatus; me, middle ear space; Pe, petrosal; pr, promontorium; S, stapes; Sq, squamosal; tvs, transverse sinus; VII, passageway of the facial nerve (CN VII); 1, RTPP contacting ectotympanic; 2, crista tympanica?

FIG. 18 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 18. Occipital view, skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: cr, crest; fm, foramen magnum; gr, occipital groove; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; opr, occipital protuberance; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; ptc, posttemporal canal. Asterisk (*) identifies canal for vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 16 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 16. Posterior portion of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in left ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; Ec, ectotympanic; fm, foramen magnum; fo, to foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; gr, occipital groove; hf, hypoglossal foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; jf, to jugular foramen; m, mastoid process of petrosal; oc, occipital condyle; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptc, posttemporal canal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; smf, stylomastoid foramen; sp, styliform process of ectotympanic.

FIG 25 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG 25. Dental histology of left M2 of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Coronal section: A, whole surface and B, detail of cementum layer (rectangle in A). Para-occlusal section: C, whole surface and D, detail of cementum layer (rectangle in C). Cementum rest lines indicated by white arrows. Abbreviations: BCJ, bone-cementum junction; CDJ, cementum-dentine junction; cem, cementum; DEJ, dentine-enamel junction; den, dentine; ena, enamel; Mx, maxilla.

FIG. 8 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 8. Skull of Oxyodontherium zeballosi MHIN-UNSL-GEO-V 465a from Río Quinto Formation, San Luis, in A, lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views, with sutures indicated. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bsph, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pal, palatine; m, mastoid process of petrosal; Pmx, premaxilla; So, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal.

FIG. 12. A–F in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 12. A–F, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: cc, central canal; M, molar; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns, nasal septum; P, premolar; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; V, vomer; VNO?, possible sulcus for vomeronasal organ. Asterisk (*) identifies sulcus for vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 9 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 9. Braincase of Scalabrinitherium bravardi MACN-PV 13082 from Ituzaingó Formation, Entre Ríos, in A, lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Rostral part of specimen extensively damaged; apparent apertures on ventral aspect are not foramina but instead exposed parts of sphenoidal sinus (sphs). Other abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; eam, external acoustic meatus; Eo, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; Fr, frontal; fs, frontal sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; gr, occipital groove; hf, hypoglossal foramen; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); m, mastoid process of petrosal; nf, nutrient foramina; oc, occipital condyle; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; on, odontoid notch; Pa, parietal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptc, posttemporal canal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; smf, stylomastoid foramen; Sq, squamosal; tl, temporal line. Asterisk (*) identifies suture-delimited element, probably interparietal.